<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Flashcard System with Pagination and Review Tracking</title>
    <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:wght@400;500;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.15.4/css/all.min.css">
    <style>
        /* General Styles */
        body {
            font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
            background-color: #f5f5f5;
            margin: 0;
            padding: 0;
            overflow-x: hidden;
        }
        .container {
            display: flex;
            flex-direction: column;
            align-items: center;
            width: 100%;
            padding: 20px;
            box-sizing: border-box;
        }
        .app-header {
            width: auto;
            background-color: #6200ea;
            padding: 15px 20px;
            box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
            color: white;
            font-size: 24px;
            font-weight: 500;
            text-align: center;
        }
        .log-container {
            margin-top: 20px;
            width: 100%;
            max-width: 600px;
            background-color: #ffffff;
            border-radius: 8px;
            box-shadow: 0px 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
            padding: 15px;
            overflow-y: auto;
            max-height: 200px;
        }
        .log {
            font-size: 14px;
            color: #333;
            line-height: 1.5;
        }
    </style>

    <style>
/* General Styles */
body {
    font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
    background-color: #f5f5f5;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    overflow-x: hidden; /* Prevent horizontal scrolling */
}

.container {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    width: 100%;
    padding: 20px;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}



.date-changer {
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    font-size: 16px;
}

.topic-filter, #layout-select {
    width: 100%;
    font-size: 16px;
    padding: 12px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
    background-color: #ffffff;
    color: #333;
    box-shadow: 0px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    margin-bottom: 10px;
    appearance: none;
    cursor: pointer;
    text-align: left;
}

.filter-container {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 12px;
    padding: 15px;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 300px;
    background-color: #fff;
    border-radius: 12px;
    box-shadow: 0px 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

.filter-btn, .show-all-btn, .apply-btn {
    background-color: #6200ea;
    color: #fff;
    padding: 12px 15px;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 8px;
    cursor: pointer;
    font-size: 16px;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    transition: background-color 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;
    box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}

.filter-btn:hover, .apply-btn:hover {
    background-color: #3700b3;
    box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}

/* Show All Button Distinct Style */
.show-all-btn {
    background-color: #03dac6;
    color: #fff;
}

.show-all-btn:hover {
    background-color: #018786;
}

.badge {
    background-color: #fff;
    color: #6200ea;
    padding: 4px 10px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    font-weight: 500;
    font-size: 14px;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 5px;
    box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.modern-card {
    position: relative;
    background-color: white;
    border-radius: 15px;
    width: 100%; /* Use full width */
    max-width: 800px; /* Full width to avoid scrolling in vertical layout */
    padding: 20px;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    box-shadow: 0px 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
    transition: box-shadow 0.3s;
    border: 2px solid #ddd;
    box-sizing: border-box; /* Ensure padding is contained within the card */
}

.question {
    font-size: 20px;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: #333;
    margin-bottom: 10px;
    padding-right: 30px; /* Space for the bookmark */
}

.answer {
    font-size: 18px;
    color: #333;
    margin-top: 10px;
    padding: 10px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    background-color: #f9f9f9;
    display: none;
}

.buttons {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    margin-top: 20px;
}

.dont-know-btn, .know-btn {
    padding: 10px 20px;
    width: auto;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 5px;
    cursor: pointer;
    color: #fff;
}

.dont-know-btn {
    background-color: #e53935;
}

.know-btn {
    background-color: #388e3c;
}

/* Hover effect for dont-know-btn */
.dont-know-btn:hover {
    background-color: #d32f2f; /* Darker shade of red */
}

/* Hover effect for know-btn */
.know-btn:hover {
    background-color: #2e7d32; /* Darker shade of green */
}


.bookmark {
    position: absolute;
    top: 20px;
    right: 20px;
    font-size: 18px;
    color: #ddd;
    cursor: default;
    transition: color 0.3s;
}

.review-metric {
    text-align: center;
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: #555;
    margin-top: 15px;
}

.filter-info {
    background-color: #e3f2fd;
    color: #1e88e5;
    padding: 10px 15px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    font-weight: 500;
    font-size: 16px;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    text-align: center;
    width: 95%;
    max-width: 600px;
    box-shadow: 0px 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.topic-header {
    font-size: 24px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: #6200ea;
    margin: 20px 0 10px;
    text-align: center;
    width: 100%;
}






/* Hide extra elements in horizontal layout */
.horizontal-layout .modern-card {
    display: none; /* Only the current flashcard will be displayed in the horizontal layout */
}

.horizontal-layout .navigation-buttons {
    display: flex; /* Show navigation buttons in horizontal layout */
}

.horizontal-layout .flashcard-container {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    width: 110%; /* Use full width */
    max-width: none; /* Adjust max-width if needed for screen fit */
    padding: 0 20px;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

.horizontal-layout .modern-card {
    width: 110%; /* Stretch to fill container */
    max-width: 800px; /* Optional: adjust for full screen width */
}

/* Horizontal layout info box styling */
#horizontal-info {
    display: none; /* Only visible in horizontal layout */
    text-align: center;
    margin: 15px 0;
    padding: 10px;
    background-color: #f0f0f0;
    border-radius: 8px;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
}

#horizontal-topic {
    font-size: 20px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: #6200ea;
    margin-bottom: 5px;
}

#horizontal-position {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: #333;
}


 .navigation-buttons {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center; /* Center buttons on smaller screens */
        gap: 30px;
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 800px; /* Adjust as needed */
    margin: 20px auto;
    padding: 10px 20px;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    margin-bottom: 40px;
}

.navigation-buttons button {
    background-color: #6200ea; /* Primary color */
    color: #ffffff;
    padding: 10px 20px;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 8px;
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 500;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: background-color 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;
    box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}

.navigation-buttons button:disabled {
    background-color: #9e9e9e; /* Gray color when disabled */
    cursor: not-allowed;
    box-shadow: none;
}

.navigation-buttons button:hover:not(:disabled) {
    background-color: #3700b3; /* Darker color on hover */
    box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}


/* Dropdown container styling */
.dropdown {
    display: none; /* Hidden by default */
    position: absolute;
    background-color: #ffffff;
    padding: 10px;
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
    border-radius: 8px;
    box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
    width: 600px;
    z-index: 1000;
}

.dropdown-content {
    color: #333;
    font-size: 16px;
}

.close {
    position: absolute;
    top: 5px;
    right: 10px;
    font-size: 20px;
    cursor: pointer;
}



  /* Ensure flashcards-container stretches fully in vertical layout */
.vertical-layout .flashcard-container {
    width: 100%; /* Use full width in vertical layout */
    max-width: none; /* Remove max-width constraint */
    padding: 0; /* Optional: remove padding if added */
    box-sizing: border-box;
    margin: 0 auto; /* Center align in the container */
}

/* Ensure container and flashcards align correctly in all layouts */
.flashcard-container {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
}

/* Add this class to body or main container when in vertical layout mode */
.vertical-layout .container {
    width: 100%; /* Ensure container width is full */
}



    #toggleButton {
        background-color: #4CAF50; /* Green background */
        border: none;
        color: white; /* White text color */
        padding: 12px 24px; /* Padding for better spacing */
        text-align: center;
        text-decoration: none;
        display: inline-block;
        font-size: 16px; /* Font size */
        cursor: pointer; /* Pointer cursor on hover */
        border-radius: 8px; /* Rounded corners */
        transition: background-color 0.3s ease; /* Smooth transition on hover */
    }

    #toggleButton:hover {
        background-color: #45a049; /* Darker green on hover */
    }

    #toggleButton:focus {
        outline: none; /* Remove outline on focus */
    }

    #toggleButton:active {
        background-color: #388e3c; /* Even darker green when button is clicked */
    }


    .star-btn {
    color: lightgray;
    font-size: 20px;
    margin: 0 10px;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.star-btn.active {
    color: gold;
}

.bookmark {
    cursor: pointer;
    margin-left: auto;
}

/* Emoji styling */
        .emoji {
            font-size: 24px;  /* Larger font size */
            vertical-align: middle;
            display: inline-block;
            animation: slow-bounce 2s infinite;  /* Animation applied */
        }

        /* Slow bounce animation */
        @keyframes slow-bounce {
            0%, 100% {
                transform: translateY(0);
            }
            50% {
                transform: translateY(-5px); /* Small bounce */
            }
        }




    </style>

    <style>
      .header-image, .hr-image {
            width: 50px;
            height: 50px;
            cursor: pointer;
            vertical-align: middle;
            margin-right: 10px;
        }

         /* Modal Styles */
        .modal97 {
            display: none;
            position: fixed;
            z-index: 10;
            left: 0;
            top: 0;
            width: 100%;
            height: 100%;
            overflow: auto;
            background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.9);
        }

        .modal-top-bar97 {
            width: 80%;
            max-width: 700px;
            margin: auto;
            padding: 10px;
            display: flex;
            justify-content: flex-end;
            border-bottom: 5px solid #007bff;
            background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
            z-index: 20;
            position: relative;
        }

        .modal-controls97 {
            display: flex;
            flex-direction: column;
            align-items: flex-end;
        }

        .close97 {
            color: #333;
            font-size: 16px;
            font-weight: bold;
            cursor: pointer;
            margin-bottom: 5px;
        }

        .zoom-buttons97 {
            display: flex;
            gap: 5px;
        }

        .zoom-button97 {
            background-color: #007bff;
            color: white;
            border: none;
            padding: 5px 10px;
            border-radius: 5px;
            font-size: 16px;
            cursor: pointer;
        }

        .zoom-button97:hover {
            background-color: #0056b3;
        }

        .modal-content-wrapper97 {
            position: relative;
            width: 80%;
            max-width: 700px;
            margin: auto;
        }

        .modal-content97 {
            display: block;
            width: 100%;
            height: auto;
            margin: auto;
        }

         .header-image, .hr-image {
            width: 50px;
            height: 50px;
            cursor: pointer;
            vertical-align: middle;
            margin-right: 10px;
        }

        .popup {
            display: none;
            position: fixed;
            z-index: 999;
            left: 0;
            top: 0;
            width: 100%;
            height: 100%;
            background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
        }

        .popup-content {
            position: relative;
            margin: 10% auto;
            width: 80%;
            max-width: 600px;
            background-color: #fff;
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 10px;
            text-align: center;
        }

        .popup-image {
            width: 100%;
            height: auto;
        }

        .close {
            position: absolute;
            top: 1px;
            right: 8px;
            color: #333;
            font-size: 24px;
            font-weight: bold;
            cursor: pointer;
        }

</style>
</head>
<body>

<!-- App Header -->
<div class="app-header">
    <img src="https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/akrass-plus.appspot.com/o/ContentImage%2Fkmc_20240901_152317.png?alt=media&token=74a10ca6-8504-49c3-9580-d2122f1eeba5" alt="Header Image" class="header-image" onclick="openModal('header-popup-97')" />
    MBBS Flashcards Study
</div>

<hr>
<p style="margin-left: 20px;"><b>Subject</b>: ANATOMY</p>
<p style="margin-left: 20px;"><b>Chapter</b>: 2. UPPER LIMB</p>
<p style="margin-left: 20px;"><b>BOOK Reference</b>: All 3 coaching institute Notes , <img src="https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/akrass-plus.appspot.com/o/ContentImage%2FIMG_20241226_130132_759.jpg?alt=media&token=3a1239cf-8495-41d9-b2f5-e90c60f659ac" alt="HR Image" class="hr-image" onclick="openModal('hr-popup-97')" />👈                                                                                                              </p>
<p style="margin-left: 20px;"><b>Total Flashcards</b>: 427</p>
<hr>


    <!-- Modal Pop-Up for Header Image -->
    <div id="header-popup-97" class="modal97">
        <div class="modal-top-bar97">
            <div class="modal-controls97">
                <span class="close97" onclick="closeModal('header-popup-97')">Close</span>
                 <div class="zoom-buttons97">
                    <button class="zoom-button97" onclick="zoomImage('header-popup-97', 0.9)">zoom -</button>
                    <button class="zoom-button97" onclick="zoomImage('header-popup-97', 1.1)">+</button>
                </div>
             </div>
        </div>
      <div class="modal-content-wrapper97">
             <img class="modal-content97" src="https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/akrass-plus.appspot.com/o/ContentImage%2Fkmc_20240901_152317.png?alt=media&token=74a10ca6-8504-49c3-9580-d2122f1eeba5" alt="Header Image Full View" class="popup-image" />
         </div>
    </div>

    <!-- Modal Pop-Up for HR Image -->
    <div id="hr-popup-97" class="modal97">
         <div class="modal-top-bar97">
             <div class="modal-controls97">
               <span class="close97" onclick="closeModal('hr-popup-97')">Close</span>
                <div class="zoom-buttons97">
                 <button class="zoom-button97" onclick="zoomImage('hr-popup-97', 0.9)">zoom -</button>
                    <button class="zoom-button97" onclick="zoomImage('hr-popup-97', 1.1)">+</button>
                 </div>
            </div>
         </div>
      <div class="modal-content-wrapper97">
            <img class="modal-content97" src="
https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/akrass-plus.appspot.com/o/ContentImage%2FIMG_20241226_130132_759.jpg?alt=media&token=3a1239cf-8495-41d9-b2f5-e90c60f659ac" alt="HR Image Full View" class="popup-image" />
       </div>
   </div>


<!-- Main Container -->
<div class="container">

<button id="toggleButton" onclick="toggleDropdownContent(event)">How to Use the Flashcard System (Step-by-Step - Click Here👈)</button>

<div id="dropdownContent" class="dropdown" style="display: none;">
    <div class="dropdown-content">
        <button class="close" onclick="closeDropdown('dropdownContent')">Close</button>
        <br><h2>How to Use the Flashcard System</h2>

        <ol>
            <li><strong>Select Layout:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>Choose how you want to view flashcards:</li>
                    <li><strong>Horizontal Layout:</strong> One flashcard displayed at a time.</li>
                    <li><strong>Vertical Layout (Default):</strong> Flashcards shown one below another.</li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #007BFF;">

            <li><strong>Select Topics:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>Pick multiple topics you want to study.</li>
                    <li>At the end of each topic, you’ll see:
                        <ul>
                            <li>Total flashcards in that topic.</li>
                            <li>Flashcards you’ve reviewed at least once (e.g., <strong>(2/6)</strong> means 2 out of 6 reviewed).</li>
                        </ul>
                    </li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #28A745;">

            <li><strong>Apply Filter:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>Click <strong>Apply Filter</strong> to display selected topics.</li>
                    <li>All Flashcards of selected topics will appear in your chosen layout (horizontal or vertical).</li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #DC3545;">

            <li><strong>Review Flashcards:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>View the flashcard to read the question and try to recall the answer.</li>
        <li>After attempting to recall, use the buttons:</li>
                    <li>Use the buttons:
                        <ul>
                            <li><strong>Know:</strong> If you know the answer.</li>
                            <li><strong>Don’t Know:</strong> If unsure or don’t know the answer.</li>
                            <li>If you initially clicked "Know" but later feel unsure, click "Don’t Know" to adjust your response.</li>
                        </ul>
                    </li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #FFC107;">

            <li><strong>Review Stages:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>Each reviewed flashcard shows the next review date.</li>
                    <li>Review stages based on time intervals:
                        <ul>
                            <li><strong>First Review:</strong> 3 days after the first read.</li>
                            <li><strong>Second Review:</strong> 7 days after the first review.</li>
                            <li><strong>Third Review:</strong> 14 days after the second review.</li>
                            <li><strong>Final Review:</strong> 28 days after the third review.</li>
                            <li><strong>Completed:</strong> No further reviews needed.</li>
                        </ul>
                    </li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #17A2B8;">

            <li><strong>Pending Review Flashcards:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>Flashcards ready for review are shown in the <strong>Pending Review</strong> section.</li>
                    <li>Pending cards only show from selected topics.</li>
                    <li>To view all pending flashcards from all topics, select and apply <strong>"All Topics"</strong> in the topic section (by default, "All Topics" is applied).</li>
                    <li>When you are inside the Pending Flashcards Review section, to exit this section, click the <strong>"Show All Flashcards"</strong> button. It displays all flashcards (including pending flashcards) from the selected topics.</li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #6C757D;">

            <li><strong>Bookmark Colors:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>Flashcard review stages are visually represented:</li>
                    <li><strong>Red:</strong> First Review.</li>
                    <li><strong>Pink:</strong> Second Review.</li>
                    <li><strong>Blue:</strong> Third Review.</li>
                    <li><strong>Green:</strong> Final Review.</li>
                    <li><strong>Gold:</strong> Completed.</li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #343A40;">

             <li><strong>Star Mark Flashcards:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>Mark very important or difficult flashcards using the <strong>Star Mark</strong> button.</li>
                    <li>These star-marked flashcards are ideal for focused review before exams.</li>
                    <li>Click the <strong>Starred Flashcards</strong> button to filter and view only the star-marked flashcards from the selected topics.</li>
                    <li>When you click <strong>Starred Ready for Review</strong>, it displays all star-marked flashcards that are ready for review, including those in any review stage (First, Second, Third, or Final).</li>
                    <li>This feature ensures you spend your time efficiently by focusing on critical flashcards when time is limited.</li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #007BFF;">

            <li><strong>Efficient Learning:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>The system ensures:</li>
                    <li><strong>Easy Points Flashcards:</strong> Reviewed in fewer rounds.</li>
                    <li><strong>Moderate/Difficult Points:</strong> Reviewed more frequently in more number of rounds.</li>
                    <li>Saves your time by allocating appropriate focus on difficult flashcards.</li>
                    <li>You can utilize your time efficiently and complete your syllabus within your time schedule.</li>
                </ul>
            </li>


        </ol>
    </div>
</div>

 <br>




     <!-- Dropdown for Layout Selection -->
    <div class="custom-select-container">
        <label for="layout-select"><b>Select Layout:</b></label>
        <select id="layout-select" class="custom-select" onchange="selectLayout(this.value)">
            <option value="vertical">Vertical Layout</option>
            <option value="horizontal">Horizontal Layout</option>
        </select>
    </div>

    <!-- Topic Selection Multi-select -->
    <div class="custom-select-container">
        <label for="topic-filter"><b>Select Multiple Topics & Apply Filter:</b></label>
        <select id="topic-filter" class="topic-filter" multiple>
            <!-- Options will be dynamically populated -->
        </select>
    </div>

    <!-- Apply Filter and Show All Buttons -->
    <button class="apply-btn" onclick="applySelectedTopics()">Apply Selected Topics</button><br>
    <button class="show-all-btn" onclick="showAllFlashcards()">Show All Flashcards</button>

     <div class="filter-container">
        <button class="filter-btn" onclick="filterFlashcards(0)">First Review<br> (Red) <span id="count-stage-0" class="badge">0</span></button>
        <button class="filter-btn" onclick="filterFlashcards(1)">Second Review<br> (Pink) <span id="count-stage-1" class="badge">0</span></button>
        <button class="filter-btn" onclick="filterFlashcards(2)">Third Review<br> (Blue) <span id="count-stage-2" class="badge">0</span></button>
        <button class="filter-btn" onclick="filterFlashcards(3)">Final Review<br> (Green) <span id="count-stage-3" class="badge">0</span></button>
        <button class="filter-btn" id="completed-flashcards-btn" onclick="filterFlashcards(4)">Completed Flashcards<br> 🏆 <span id="count-completed" class="badge">0 completed</span></button>
     </div>
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    {
        "id": 1,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "What is the general structure of the brachial plexus?",
        "answer": "<li>The brachial plexus consists of spinal nerves that form trunks, divisions, cords, and branches.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the brachial plexus as a tree: roots (spinal nerves) grow into trunks, which branch out into divisions and cords!",
        "emoji": "🌳"
    },
    {
        "id": 2,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "How are the cords of the brachial plexus named?",
        "answer": "<li>The cords are named according to their relative position to the second part of the axillary artery, which lies behind the pectoralis minor muscle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine the cords are like a game of hide and seek, hiding behind the pectoralis minor!",
        "emoji": "🙈"
    },
    {
        "id": 3,
        "topic": "topic3",
        "question": "What are the branches of the lateral cord?",
        "answer": "<li>The branches of the lateral cord include the Lateral Pectoral nerve (C5-C7), Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7), and the Lateral root of the Median nerve (C5-C7).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Lateral cord branches are like a lateral dance crew: they all groove together from C5 to C7!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 4,
        "topic": "topic4",
        "question": "What are the branches of the medial cord?",
        "answer": "<li>The branches of the medial cord include the Medial Pectoral nerve (C8, T1), Medial Cutaneous nerve of the arm (C8, T1), Medial Cutaneous nerve of the forearm (C8, T1), and the Medial root of the Median nerve (C8, T1).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The medial cord is like a caring parent, providing support to the arm and forearm from C8 to T1!",
        "emoji": "🤗"
    },
    {
        "id": 5,
        "topic": "topic5",
        "question": "What are the branches of the posterior cord?",
        "answer": "<li>The branches of the posterior cord include the Upper Subscapular nerve (C5, C6), Lower Subscapular nerve (C5, C6), Nerve to Latissimus dorsi (Thoracodorsal nerve) (C6, C7, C8), Axillary nerve (C5, C6), and Radial nerve (C5-C8, T1).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The posterior cord is like a supportive friend group, helping out from C5 to T1 with a variety of nerves!",
        "emoji": "👯"
    },
    {
        "id": 6,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What are the branches of the roots in the brachial plexus?",
        "answer": "<li>The branches of the roots include the Nerve to Serratus Anterior (Long Thoracic Nerve) (C5, C6, C7) and the Nerve to Rhomboideus (Dorsal Scapular Nerve) (C5).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Roots are the foundation of the plexus, just like a good pair of shoes supports your feet!",
        "emoji": "👟"
    },
    {
        "id": 7,
        "topic": "topic7",
        "question": "What are the branches of the trunks in the brachial plexus?",
        "answer": "<li>The branches of the trunks, which arise only from the upper trunk, include the Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6) and the Nerve to Subclavius (C5, C6).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The upper trunk is like the VIP section of a club, with exclusive access to the Suprascapular and Subclavius nerves!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 8,
        "topic": "topic8",
        "question": "What is the effect of paralysis of the Long Thoracic nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>Paralysis of the Long Thoracic nerve leads to winging of the scapula.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "If your scapula starts to wing like a bird, it might be time to check on that Long Thoracic nerve!",
        "emoji": "🦅"
    },
    {
        "id": 9,
        "topic": "topic9",
        "question": "What are the branches from the roots of the brachial plexus?",
        "answer": "<li>The branches from the roots include nerves to scaleni and longus colli, a branch to the phrenic nerve, the dorsal scapular nerve, and the long thoracic nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the roots as the \"scaleni\" team, always ready to \"phrenic\" up the nerves!",
        "emoji": "🌱"
    },
    {
        "id": 10,
        "topic": "topic9",
        "question": "What are the branches from the trunks of the brachial plexus?",
        "answer": "<li>The branches from the trunks include the nerve to subclavius and the suprascapular nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Trunks are like \"sub\" sandwiches, with a \"suprascapular\" topping!",
        "emoji": "🥪"
    },
    {
        "id": 11,
        "topic": "topic9",
        "question": "What are the branches from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?",
        "answer": "<li>The branches from the lateral cord include the lateral pectoral nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, and the lateral root of the median nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The lateral cord is like a \"muscle\" gym, where pectorals and biceps get pumped!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 12,
        "topic": "topic9",
        "question": "What are the branches from the medial cord of the brachial plexus?",
        "answer": "<li>The branches from the medial cord include the medial pectoral nerve, medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm, medial cutaneous nerve of the arm, ulnar nerve, and the medial root of the median nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The medial cord is like a \"medal\" ceremony, where everyone gets a prize for being \"cutaneous\"!",
        "emoji": "🥇"
    },
    {
        "id": 13,
        "topic": "topic9",
        "question": "What are the branches from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?",
        "answer": "<li>The branches from the posterior cord include the upper subscapular nerve, thoracodorsal nerve, lower subscapular nerve, axillary nerve, and radial nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The posterior cord is like a \"backstage pass\" to all the cool nerves!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 14,
        "topic": "topic10",
        "question": "What is the site of injury for Erb's paralysis?",
        "answer": "<li>The site of injury for Erb's paralysis is Erb's point, where the upper trunk of the brachial plexus is located.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Erb's point is like the \"upper deck\" of a concert, where all the action happens!",
        "emoji": "🎤"
    },
    {
        "id": 15,
        "topic": "topic10",
        "question": "What are the causes of Erb's paralysis?",
        "answer": "<li>Causes of Erb's paralysis include undue separation of the head from the shoulder, birth injury (traction of the arm), falls on the shoulder, motorcycle injuries, and during anesthesia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Erb's paralysis is like a bad breakup—too much distance can hurt!",
        "emoji": "💔"
    },
    {
        "id": 16,
        "topic": "topic10",
        "question": "Which roots are mainly affected in Erb's paralysis?",
        "answer": "<li>The roots mainly affected in Erb's paralysis are C5 and partly C6.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "C5 and C6 are like the \"dynamic duo\" of nerve injuries!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 17,
        "topic": "topic10",
        "question": "What muscles are paralyzed in Erb's paralysis?",
        "answer": "<li>The muscles paralyzed in Erb's paralysis include the biceps, deltoid, brachialis, brachio-radialis, and partly the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and supinator.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "In Erb's paralysis, the biceps and deltoid are like a \"muscle team\" that forgot their game plan!",
        "emoji": "🏋️"
    },
    {
        "id": 18,
        "topic": "topic10",
        "question": "What is the characteristic deformity associated with Erb's paralysis?",
        "answer": "<li>The characteristic deformity includes arms that are adducted and medially rotated, with forearms extended and pronated, often referred to as \"policeman's tip hand\" or \"porter's tip hand.\"</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of Erb's paralysis as a \"police officer\" who can't quite get their hands up!",
        "emoji": "🚓"
    },
    {
        "id": 19,
        "topic": "topic10",
        "question": "What disabilities are associated with Erb's paralysis?",
        "answer": "<li>Disabilities include loss of movement in abduction and lateral rotation of the arm, flexion and supination of the forearm, loss of biceps and supinator jerks, and loss of sensation over a small area of the lower part of the deltoid.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Erb's paralysis is like a \"no-fly zone\" for arm movements!",
        "emoji": "✈️"
    },
    {
        "id": 20,
        "topic": "topic11",
        "question": "What is the site of injury for Klumpke's paralysis?",
        "answer": "<li>The site of injury for Klumpke's paralysis is the lower trunk of the brachial plexus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Klumpke's is like the \"lower level\" of a building—sometimes you just can't reach the top!",
        "emoji": "🏢"
    },
    {
        "id": 21,
        "topic": "topic11",
        "question": "What are the causes of Klumpke's paralysis?",
        "answer": "<li>Causes of Klumpke's paralysis include undue abduction of the arm, clutching something while falling from a height, and may occur during birth injuries (forceful breech delivery).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Klumpke's is like a \"clutch\" moment gone wrong—don't let go too soon!",
        "emoji": "🤲"
    },
    {
        "id": 22,
        "topic": "topic11",
        "question": "Which roots are mainly affected in Klumpke's paralysis?",
        "answer": "<li>The roots mainly affected in Klumpke's paralysis are T1 and partly C8.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "T1 and C8 are like the \"T and C\" of nerve injuries—always together!",
        "emoji": "🔗"
    },
    {
        "id": 23,
        "topic": "topic11",
        "question": "What muscles are paralyzed in Klumpke's paralysis?",
        "answer": "<li>The muscles paralyzed in Klumpke's paralysis include the intrinsic muscles of the hand and the ulnar flexors of the wrist and fingers.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Klumpke's paralysis is like a \"handshake\" that just won't happen!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 24,
        "topic": "topic11",
        "question": "What is the characteristic deformity associated with Klumpke's paralysis?",
        "answer": "<li>The characteristic deformity includes hyperextension at the metacarpophalangeal joint and flexion at the interphalangeal joint, often referred to as \"claw hand\" or \"intrinsic minus hand.\"</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Klumpke's is like a \"claw\" that forgot how to be a hand!",
        "emoji": "🦶"
    },
    {
        "id": 25,
        "topic": "topic11",
        "question": "What disabilities are associated with Klumpke's paralysis?",
        "answer": "<li>Disabilities include claw hand, cutaneous anesthesia and analgesia along the ulnar border of the forearm and hand, Horner's syndrome, vasomotor changes, and trophic changes leading to dry, scaly skin.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Klumpke's is like a \"claw\" that can't feel the love anymore!",
        "emoji": "🦞"
    },
    {
        "id": 26,
        "topic": "topic12",
        "question": "What does the long thoracic nerve supply?",
        "answer": "<li>The long thoracic nerve supplies the serratus anterior muscle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The long thoracic nerve is like a \"serrated knife,\" always ready to slice through the action!",
        "emoji": "🔪"
    },
    {
        "id": 27,
        "topic": "topic12",
        "question": "What happens if the serratus anterior is paralyzed?",
        "answer": "<li>Paralysis of the serratus anterior leads to winging of the scapula, where the inferior angle and medial border become unduly prominent.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "A winged scapula is like a bird that forgot how to fly—just hanging out!",
        "emoji": "🐦"
    },
    {
        "id": 28,
        "topic": "topic12",
        "question": "What is the most common nerve affected by neuralgic amyotrophy?",
        "answer": "<li>The long thoracic nerve is the most common nerve affected by neuralgic amyotrophy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the long thoracic nerve as the \"long shot\" in a nerve race—always in the spotlight!",
        "emoji": "🏆"
    },
    {
        "id": 29,
        "topic": "topic12",
        "question": "How can you demonstrate the function of the long thoracic nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>You can demonstrate its function by asking the patient to push against resistance with the arm extended at the elbow and flexed to 90° at the shoulder.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a \"push-up challenge\" for the long thoracic nerve—let's see if it can handle the pressure!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 30,
        "topic": "topic13",
        "question": "What is the largest branch of the brachial plexus?",
        "answer": "<li>The largest branch of the brachial plexus is the radial nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The radial nerve is like the \"big boss\" of the nerve world—always in charge!",
        "emoji": "👑"
    },
    {
        "id": 31,
        "topic": "topic13",
        "question": "From where does the radial nerve arise?",
        "answer": "<li>The radial nerve arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The radial nerve is like a \"posterior VIP\"—always coming from the back!",
        "emoji": "🎩"
    },
    {
        "id": 32,
        "topic": "topic13",
        "question": "What is the relationship of the radial nerve in the lower part of the axilla?",
        "answer": "<li>In the lower part of the axilla, the third part of the axillary artery is related anterior to the radial nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The radial nerve is like a \"front-row seat\" to the axillary artery show!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 33,
        "topic": "topic13",
        "question": "What does the lower lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm supply?",
        "answer": "<li>The lower lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm supplies the skin covering the lower half of the deltoid and the upper part of the long head of the triceps.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The lower lateral cutaneous nerve is like a \"skin guard,\" always protecting the deltoid!",
        "emoji": "🛡️"
    },
    {
        "id": 34,
        "topic": "topic13",
        "question": "What does the ulnar collateral branch of the radial nerve accompany?",
        "answer": "<li>The ulnar collateral branch of the radial nerve accompanies the ulnar nerve in the arm and supplies the medial head of the triceps.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar collateral branch is like a \"sidekick\" to the ulnar nerve—always sticking together!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 35,
        "topic": "topic14",
        "question": "What are the branches of the radial nerve above the elbow?",
        "answer": "<li>The branches include the triceps (long head), posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm, and the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the radial nerve as a \"tricep-tastic\" delivery service, bringing branches to the arm!",
        "emoji": "📦"
    },
    {
        "id": 36,
        "topic": "topic14",
        "question": "Which nerve is responsible for sensory innervation in the spiral groove?",
        "answer": "<li>The posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm and the lower lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm are responsible for sensory innervation in the spiral groove.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The spiral groove is like a sensory rollercoaster, where nerves take a thrilling ride!",
        "emoji": "🎢"
    },
    {
        "id": 37,
        "topic": "topic14",
        "question": "What muscles are innervated by the radial nerve between the spiral groove and the lateral epicondyle?",
        "answer": "<li>The muscles include the brachialis, brachio-radialis, and extensor carpi radialis longus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine these muscles having a \"brachio\" party between the groove and the epicondyle!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 38,
        "topic": "topic15",
        "question": "What happens in a radial nerve lesion above the spiral groove?",
        "answer": "<li>Total palsy occurs, affecting all functions of the radial nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Above the spiral groove, it's a total \"palsy\" party—everyone's invited, but no one can move!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 39,
        "topic": "topic15",
        "question": "What is spared in a radial nerve lesion between the spiral groove and the lateral epicondyle?",
        "answer": "<li>Elbow extension is spared in this type of lesion.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a game of \"keep the elbow up\"—it stays strong while the rest takes a break!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 40,
        "topic": "topic15",
        "question": "What is spared in a radial nerve lesion below the elbow?",
        "answer": "<li>Elbow and wrist extension, as well as sensation, are spared.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Below the elbow, it's a \"no worries\" zone—elbow and wrist are still in the game!",
        "emoji": "🕶️"
    },
    {
        "id": 41,
        "topic": "topic15",
        "question": "What is the condition known as posterior interosseous nerve palsy?",
        "answer": "<li>It is a type of radial nerve lesion that occurs below the elbow.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as the \"interosseous\" party crashing below the elbow—no fun allowed!",
        "emoji": "🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 42,
        "topic": "topic16",
        "question": "What is the autonomous zone for the radial nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>The autonomous zone for the radial nerve is the dorsum of the first space.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The radial nerve has its own VIP area on the dorsum—no one else allowed!",
        "emoji": "🛋️"
    },
    {
        "id": 43,
        "topic": "topic16",
        "question": "What is crutch palsy?",
        "answer": "<li>Crutch palsy involves the involvement of the triceps due to dislocation of the humerus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Crutch palsy is like a \"tricep-tastrophe\" when crutches go wrong!",
        "emoji": "🚑"
    },
    {
        "id": 44,
        "topic": "topic16",
        "question": "What is Saturday night palsy?",
        "answer": "<li>Saturday night palsy is an acute compression injury in the spiral groove.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Saturday night palsy is like a wild party that leaves your arm feeling \"numb\" the next day!",
        "emoji": "🥳"
    },
    {
        "id": 45,
        "topic": "topic17",
        "question": "What are the sensory branches of the radial nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>The sensory branches include the posterior brachial cutaneous nerve and the extensor-supinator group.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The sensory branches are like the \"ears\" of the radial nerve, always listening for feedback!",
        "emoji": "👂"
    },
    {
        "id": 46,
        "topic": "topic17",
        "question": "Which muscles are innervated by the radial nerve's extensor group?",
        "answer": "<li>The extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, as well as the extensor digitorum, are innervated by the radial nerve's extensor group.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The extensor group is like a \"muscle band\" that keeps the wrist and fingers rocking!",
        "emoji": "🎸"
    },
    {
        "id": 47,
        "topic": "topic17",
        "question": "What is the role of the abductor pollicis longus?",
        "answer": "<li>The abductor pollicis longus is responsible for abducting the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the abductor pollicis longus as the \"thumb's bodyguard,\" always ready to help it stand out!",
        "emoji": "🛡️"
    },
    {
        "id": 48,
        "topic": "topic18",
        "question": "What is Wartenberg's disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Wartenberg's disease is the entrapment of the superficial radial nerve as it emerges from beneath the edge of the brachioradialis tendon.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Wartenberg's disease is like a nerve getting stuck in a traffic jam under a tendon!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 49,
        "topic": "topic18",
        "question": "Where does the superficial radial nerve become entrapped in Wartenberg's disease?",
        "answer": "<li>It becomes entrapped 6 cm proximal to the radial styloid.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the radial nerve as a traveler who forgot to check the map and got stuck 6 cm from the destination!",
        "emoji": "🗺️"
    },
    {
        "id": 50,
        "topic": "topic18",
        "question": "What are the common symptoms of Wartenberg's disease?",
        "answer": "<li>The symptoms include pain and paraesthesia over the radial aspect of the dorsum of the wrist and hand.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Pain and tingling in the wrist? Sounds like the radial nerve is throwing a party, but forgot to invite you!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 51,
        "topic": "topic19",
        "question": "From where does the ulnar nerve arise?",
        "answer": "<li>The ulnar nerve arises from the medial cord of the brachial plexus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar nerve is like a musician who always plays from the \"medial\" side of the band!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 52,
        "topic": "topic19",
        "question": "How does the ulnar nerve enter the palm?",
        "answer": "<li>It enters the palm by passing superficial to the flexor retinaculum.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar nerve is like a sneaky musician slipping into the palm without a ticket!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 53,
        "topic": "topic19",
        "question": "Where does the ulnar nerve lie after entering the palm?",
        "answer": "<li>It lies between the pisiform and ulnar vessels, where it divides into superficial and deep branches.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar nerve is like a split personality, dividing its talents between superficial and deep branches!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 54,
        "topic": "topic20",
        "question": "What does the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve supply?",
        "answer": "<li>The superficial branch supplies the palmaris brevis and the medial one and a half digits with their nail beds.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The superficial branch is like a caring friend, always looking out for the little digits!",
        "emoji": "🤲"
    },
    {
        "id": 55,
        "topic": "topic20",
        "question": "What does the deep branch of the ulnar nerve supply?",
        "answer": "<li>The deep branch supplies three muscles of the hypothenar eminence, the medial two lumbricals, eight interossei, the adductor pollicis, and the wrist joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The deep branch is like a personal trainer for your hand muscles, making sure they stay strong!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 56,
        "topic": "topic21",
        "question": "What is the sensory supply of the ulnar nerve to the hand?",
        "answer": "<li>The sensory supply includes the anterior medial one-third of the palm and the posterior medial half of the palm, as well as the anterior medial one and a half digits and the posterior medial two digits.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar nerve is like a meticulous librarian, keeping track of all the sensory details in the palm!",
        "emoji": "📚"
    },
    {
        "id": 57,
        "topic": "topic21",
        "question": "What is the motor supply of the ulnar nerve in the forearm?",
        "answer": "<li>The motor supply includes the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar nerve is like a conductor, orchestrating the flexor muscles in the forearm!",
        "emoji": "🎼"
    },
    {
        "id": 58,
        "topic": "topic21",
        "question": "Which muscles of the hand are supplied by the ulnar nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>The ulnar nerve supplies the hypothenar muscles, four palmar interossei, four dorsal interossei, and the medial two lumbricals.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar nerve is like a team coach, making sure all the hand muscles play their positions!",
        "emoji": "🏅"
    },
    {
        "id": 59,
        "topic": "topic22",
        "question": "What is the Book test used for?",
        "answer": "<li>The Book test, also known as Froment's sign, is used to detect ulnar palsy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Book test is like a pop quiz for your fingers to see if they can hold onto a page!",
        "emoji": "📖"
    },
    {
        "id": 60,
        "topic": "topic22",
        "question": "What does the Card test assess?",
        "answer": "<li>The Card test assesses the adduction of fingers to test the palmar interossei.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Card test is like a magic trick, seeing if your fingers can come together like a magician's hands!",
        "emoji": "🎩"
    },
    {
        "id": 61,
        "topic": "topic22",
        "question": "What is Egawa's test used for?",
        "answer": "<li>Egawa's test is used to test the dorsal interossei by assessing the abduction of fingers.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Egawa's test is like a dance-off for your fingers, seeing who can spread out the best!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 62,
        "topic": "topic23",
        "question": "What happens to grip strength in ulnar nerve palsy?",
        "answer": "<li>Grip strength is weak in ulnar nerve palsy because it supplies the intrinsic muscles of the hand.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Ulnar nerve palsy is like trying to hold a slippery fish with weak hands—it's just not happening!",
        "emoji": "🐟"
    },
    {
        "id": 63,
        "topic": "topic23",
        "question": "What is cubital tunnel syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Cubital tunnel syndrome is caused by the entrapment of the ulnar nerve, leading to symptoms in the hand.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cubital tunnel syndrome is like a traffic jam at the elbow, causing delays in hand function!",
        "emoji": "🚧"
    },
    {
        "id": 64,
        "topic": "topic23",
        "question": "What is the ulnar claw hand?",
        "answer": "<li>Ulnar claw hand is characterized by hyperextension at the MCP joints and flexion loss in the ring and little fingers.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar claw hand is like a crab trying to wave hello but only managing a claw!",
        "emoji": "🦀"
    },
    {
        "id": 65,
        "topic": "topic23",
        "question": "What is the autonomous zone for the ulnar nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>The tip of the little finger is the autonomous zone for the ulnar nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The little finger is like the VIP section for the ulnar nerve—everyone wants to be there!",
        "emoji": "✋"
    },
    {
        "id": 66,
        "topic": "topic24",
        "question": "Where does the ulnar nerve pass through at the elbow?",
        "answer": "<li>The ulnar nerve passes through the cubital tunnel behind the elbow.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar nerve is like a secret agent sneaking through the cubital tunnel to get to the hand!",
        "emoji": "🕵️"
    },
    {
        "id": 67,
        "topic": "topic24",
        "question": "How does the ulnar nerve enter the palm?",
        "answer": "<li>The ulnar nerve enters the palm passing superficial to the flexor retinaculum, lying just lateral to the pisiform.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar nerve is like a VIP guest entering the palm through the exclusive flexor retinaculum door!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 68,
        "topic": "topic24",
        "question": "What is the space under the volar carpal ligament known as?",
        "answer": "<li>The space under the volar carpal ligament is known as the ulnar tunnel.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar tunnel is like a cozy hideout for the ulnar nerve and artery!",
        "emoji": "🏰"
    },
    {
        "id": 69,
        "topic": "topic24",
        "question": "What structure passes through the tarsal tunnel?",
        "answer": "<li>The posterior tibial nerve passes through the tarsal tunnel.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The posterior tibial nerve is like a traveler taking the scenic route through the tarsal tunnel!",
        "emoji": "🏞️"
    },
    {
        "id": 70,
        "topic": "topic25",
        "question": "What is the median nerve also known as?",
        "answer": "<li>The median nerve is also known as the \"labourer's nerve.\"</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of a laborer who needs a strong hand to work—just like the median nerve helps with hand functions!",
        "emoji": "🛠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 71,
        "topic": "topic25",
        "question": "What are the spinal roots that form the median nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>The median nerve is formed from the branches of C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Remember \"C5 to T1\" as the \"C-Train\" that stops at every station to form the median nerve!",
        "emoji": "🚆"
    },
    {
        "id": 72,
        "topic": "topic25",
        "question": "Which cords of the brachial plexus contribute to the formation of the median nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>The median nerve is formed from the branches of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the median nerve as a bridge built from two cords—medial and lateral—connecting the arm!",
        "emoji": "🌉"
    },
    {
        "id": 73,
        "topic": "topic25",
        "question": "Does the median nerve have branches to the axilla and arm?",
        "answer": "<li>No, the median nerve has no branches to the axilla and arm.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The median nerve is like a focused student—no distractions from the axilla and arm!",
        "emoji": "🎓"
    },
    {
        "id": 74,
        "topic": "topic26",
        "question": "What is the sensory supply of the median nerve on the palmar aspect?",
        "answer": "<li>The median nerve supplies the lateral half of the palm and the lateral three and a half fingers with their nail beds.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine the median nerve as a painter, only painting the \"lateral\" side of the palm and fingers!",
        "emoji": "🎨"
    },
    {
        "id": 75,
        "topic": "topic26",
        "question": "What is the sensory supply of the median nerve on the dorsal aspect?",
        "answer": "<li>The median nerve supplies the distal part of the lateral three and a half fingers.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the median nerve as a \"dorsal\" explorer, only visiting the tips of the lateral fingers!",
        "emoji": "🧭"
    },
    {
        "id": 76,
        "topic": "topic27",
        "question": "What is the motor supply of the median nerve in the forearm?",
        "answer": "<li>The median nerve innervates all flexors except the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The median nerve is like a coach, training all flexors except for a couple of \"lazy\" ones!",
        "emoji": "🏋️"
    },
    {
        "id": 77,
        "topic": "topic27",
        "question": "Which muscles in the hand are supplied by the median nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>The median nerve supplies the first two lumbricals and the thenar muscles, except for the adductor pollicis, which is supplied by the ulnar nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture the median nerve as a party planner, organizing the first two lumbricals and the thenar muscles, but leaving the adductor pollicis out of the guest list!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 78,
        "topic": "topic28",
        "question": "What is a common sign of median nerve injury at the elbow?",
        "answer": "<li>A common sign is the \"Pointing Index,\" detected by the Oschner clasping test.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the median nerve as a pointer—if it can't point, something's wrong!",
        "emoji": "👉"
    },
    {
        "id": 79,
        "topic": "topic28",
        "question": "What deformity is associated with median nerve injury?",
        "answer": "<li>The \"Simian/Ape thumb\" deformity occurs due to wasting of the thenar muscles.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine a monkey trying to use a smartphone—without a thumb, it’s a struggle!",
        "emoji": "🐒"
    },
    {
        "id": 80,
        "topic": "topic28",
        "question": "What happens to thumb function at the wrist due to median nerve injury?",
        "answer": "<li>Abduction and opposition of the thumb are lost.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Without the median nerve, the thumb feels like it's on a permanent vacation—no abduction or opposition allowed!",
        "emoji": "🏖️"
    },
    {
        "id": 81,
        "topic": "topic29",
        "question": "Where is the median nerve commonly injured?",
        "answer": "<li>The median nerve is commonly injured in cut injuries at the flexor retinaculum.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the median nerve as a delicate flower—cut it at the flexor retinaculum, and it wilts!",
        "emoji": "🌼"
    },
    {
        "id": 82,
        "topic": "topic29",
        "question": "What condition often involves the median nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>The median nerve is commonly involved in entrapment neuropathy, such as carpal tunnel syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine the median nerve stuck in a traffic jam—carpal tunnel syndrome is the roadblock!",
        "emoji": "🚧"
    },
    {
        "id": 83,
        "topic": "topic30",
        "question": "What is Tinel's sign?",
        "answer": "<li>Tinel's sign is the tingling sensation felt in the distribution of the median nerve when the flexor retinaculum is percussed.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of Tinel's sign as a \"tingle test\"—if it tingles, the median nerve is saying hello!",
        "emoji": "👋"
    },
    {
        "id": 84,
        "topic": "topic30",
        "question": "What does Phalen's test involve?",
        "answer": "<li>Phalen's test involves hyperextension or flexion of the wrist, which aggravates pain and paresthesia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture Phalen's test as a \"flex-off\"—the more you flex, the more it hurts!",
        "emoji": "🤸"
    },
    {
        "id": 85,
        "topic": "topic30",
        "question": "What is the cuff compression test of Gilliatt & Wilson?",
        "answer": "<li>The cuff compression test involves inflating a BP cuff above systolic BP, which aggravates pain and paresthesia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the cuff compression test as a \"tight squeeze\"—too tight, and the median nerve gets cranky!",
        "emoji": "🤏"
    },
    {
        "id": 86,
        "topic": "topic31",
        "question": "What are the intrinsic muscles of the hand?",
        "answer": "<li>The intrinsic muscles of the hand include the adductor pollicis, interossei, thenar, hypothenar, palmaris brevis, and lumbrical muscles.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the hand's intrinsic muscles as the \"inner circle\" of a secret club for fingers!",
        "emoji": "🖐️"
    },
    {
        "id": 87,
        "topic": "topic31",
        "question": "Where do the intrinsic muscles of the hand occur?",
        "answer": "<li>The intrinsic muscles occur entirely in the hand.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "They’re like a hand party—no one’s allowed to crash from outside!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 88,
        "topic": "topic31",
        "question": "What type of movements do the intrinsic muscles mainly execute?",
        "answer": "<li>The intrinsic muscles mainly execute precision movements, known as 'precision grip,' with the fingers and thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Precision grip is like a surgeon's handshake—no room for sloppiness!",
        "emoji": "✋"
    },
    {
        "id": 89,
        "topic": "topic32",
        "question": "What are the extrinsic muscles of the hand?",
        "answer": "<li>The extrinsic muscles originate in the forearm and insert in the hand.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "They’re like the long-distance runners of the muscle world—starting far away but finishing strong in the hand!",
        "emoji": "🏃"
    },
    {
        "id": 90,
        "topic": "topic32",
        "question": "What is the primary function of the extrinsic muscles of the hand?",
        "answer": "<li>The extrinsic muscles function in forcefully gripping, known as 'power grip.'</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of them as the bouncers at a club—only letting in the strong grips!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 91,
        "topic": "topic33",
        "question": "Which nerve innervates the palmaris brevis?",
        "answer": "<li>The palmaris brevis is innervated by the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, T1).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The palmaris brevis is like the hand's personal trainer, improving grip with a little help from its nerve friend!",
        "emoji": "🏋️"
    },
    {
        "id": 92,
        "topic": "topic33",
        "question": "What is the function of the dorsal interossei muscles?",
        "answer": "<li>The dorsal interossei muscles abduct the index, middle, and ring fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "They’re like the fingers’ cheerleaders, always encouraging them to spread out!",
        "emoji": "📣"
    },
    {
        "id": 93,
        "topic": "topic33",
        "question": "What is the function of the palmar interossei muscles?",
        "answer": "<li>The palmar interossei muscles adduct the thumb, index, ring, and little fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of them as the fingers’ best friends, always bringing them closer together!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 94,
        "topic": "topic33",
        "question": "What is the function of the adductor pollicis?",
        "answer": "<li>The adductor pollicis adducts the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The adductor pollicis is like a thumb hugger, always pulling the thumb in for a cozy embrace!",
        "emoji": "🤗"
    },
    {
        "id": 95,
        "topic": "topic33",
        "question": "How do the lumbricals function?",
        "answer": "<li>The lumbricals flex the metacarpophalangeal joints while extending the interphalangeal joints.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "They’re like the multitaskers of the hand, flexing and extending like a yoga instructor!",
        "emoji": "🧘"
    },
    {
        "id": 96,
        "topic": "topic34",
        "question": "What is the function of the opponens pollicis?",
        "answer": "<li>The opponens pollicis medially rotates the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The opponens pollicis is like a thumb dancer, always twirling to the beat!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 97,
        "topic": "topic34",
        "question": "What is the function of the abductor pollicis brevis?",
        "answer": "<li>The abductor pollicis brevis abducts the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like the thumb’s personal space advocate, always making sure it has room to breathe!",
        "emoji": "🕊️"
    },
    {
        "id": 98,
        "topic": "topic34",
        "question": "What is the function of the opponens digiti minimi?",
        "answer": "<li>The opponens digiti minimi laterally rotates metacarpal V.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like the little finger’s bodyguard, always ready to rotate and protect!",
        "emoji": "🛡️"
    },
    {
        "id": 99,
        "topic": "topic34",
        "question": "What is the function of the abductor digiti minimi?",
        "answer": "<li>The abductor digiti minimi abducts the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as the little finger’s cheerleader, always encouraging it to reach out!",
        "emoji": "📏"
    },
    {
        "id": 100,
        "topic": "topic34",
        "question": "What is the function of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?",
        "answer": "<li>The flexor digiti minimi brevis flexes the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a cozy blanket for the little finger, always ready to snuggle!",
        "emoji": "🛌"
    },
    {
        "id": 101,
        "topic": "topic35",
        "question": "Which muscles of the forearm are supplied by the median nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>The flexors of the forearm supplied by the median nerve include pronator teres, pronator quadratus, palmaris longus, flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, and flexor carpi radialis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The median nerve flexors are like the hand’s personal stylists, always ready to shape things up!",
        "emoji": "✂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 102,
        "topic": "topic35",
        "question": "Which muscles of the forearm are supplied by the ulnar nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>The flexors of the forearm supplied by the ulnar nerve include flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of flexor digitorum profundus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar nerve flexors are like the hand’s secret agents, working undercover to keep things flexible!",
        "emoji": "🕵️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 103,
        "topic": "topic36",
        "question": "Which intrinsic muscles of the hand are innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>All intrinsic muscles of the hand are innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve except for the three thenar and two lateral lumbrical muscles, which are innervated by the median nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a party where most guests are from the ulnar nerve, but a few special ones are from the median nerve!",
        "emoji": "🎊"
    },
    {
        "id": 104,
        "topic": "topic36",
        "question": "What spinal segments contribute to the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the hand?",
        "answer": "<li>The intrinsic muscles of the hand are predominantly innervated by segment T1 with a contribution from C8.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of T1 and C8 as the dynamic duo of the hand’s muscle innervation—always working together!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 105,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Palmaris brevis muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Palmaris brevis muscle originates from the palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the Palmaris brevis as the \"pal\" of your palm, always hanging out at the base!",
        "emoji": "✋"
    },
    {
        "id": 106,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "Where does the Palmaris brevis insert?",
        "answer": "<li>It inserts into the dermis of skin on the medial margin of the hand.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Palmaris brevis is like a friendly neighbor, always touching the skin on the hand's edge!",
        "emoji": "🖐️"
    },
    {
        "id": 107,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the function of the Palmaris brevis?",
        "answer": "<li>Its function is to improve grip.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Palmaris brevis is the \"grip coach\" of your hand, always helping you hold on tight!",
        "emoji": "🤲"
    },
    {
        "id": 108,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Dorsal interossei muscles?",
        "answer": "<li>The Dorsal interossei originate from the adjacent sides of the metacarpals.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Dorsal interossei are like the \"neighbors\" of the metacarpals, always sticking together!",
        "emoji": "🏠"
    },
    {
        "id": 109,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "Where do the Dorsal interossei insert?",
        "answer": "<li>They insert into the extensor hood at the base of the proximal phalanges of the index, middle, and ring fingers.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Dorsal interossei are like the \"extensor hood decorators,\" making sure the fingers look good!",
        "emoji": "🎨"
    },
    {
        "id": 110,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the function of the Dorsal interossei?",
        "answer": "<li>Their function is to abduct the index, middle, and ring fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Dorsal interossei love to \"spread out\" at the party of fingers!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 111,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Palmar interossei muscles?",
        "answer": "<li>The Palmar interossei originate from the sides of the metacarpals.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Palmar interossei are like the \"sidekicks\" of the metacarpals, always ready to help!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 112,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "Where do the Palmar interossei insert?",
        "answer": "<li>They insert into the extensor hoods of the thumb, index, ring, and little fingers, and the proximal phalanx of the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Palmar interossei are the \"extensor hood helpers,\" making sure all fingers are in sync!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 113,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the function of the Palmar interossei?",
        "answer": "<li>Their function is to adduct the thumb, index, ring, and little fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Palmar interossei are the \"finger huggers,\" always bringing fingers closer together!",
        "emoji": "🤗"
    },
    {
        "id": 114,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Adductor pollicis?",
        "answer": "<li>The Adductor pollicis has a transverse head originating from metacarpal III and an oblique head from the capitate and bases of metacarpals II and III.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Adductor pollicis is like a \"thumb matchmaker,\" connecting the thumb to its friends!",
        "emoji": "💞"
    },
    {
        "id": 115,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "Where does the Adductor pollicis insert?",
        "answer": "<li>It inserts at the base of the proximal phalanx and extensor hood of the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Adductor pollicis is the \"thumb's best friend,\" always supporting it at the base!",
        "emoji": "👍"
    },
    {
        "id": 116,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the function of the Adductor pollicis?",
        "answer": "<li>Its function is to adduct the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Adductor pollicis is the \"thumb's bouncer,\" keeping it close to the rest of the fingers!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 117,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Lumbricals?",
        "answer": "<li>The Lumbricals originate from the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Lumbricals are like \"flexor fans,\" cheering on the tendons from the sidelines!",
        "emoji": "📣"
    },
    {
        "id": 118,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "Where do the Lumbricals insert?",
        "answer": "<li>They insert into the extensor hoods of the index, ring, middle, and little fingers.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Lumbricals are the \"extensor hood supporters,\" always lifting the fingers up!",
        "emoji": "🙌"
    },
    {
        "id": 119,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the function of the Lumbricals?",
        "answer": "<li>Their function is to flex the metacarpophalangeal joints while extending the interphalangeal joints.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Lumbricals are the \"flex and extend dancers,\" always moving in sync!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 120,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Opponens pollicis?",
        "answer": "<li>The Opponens pollicis originates from the tubercle of the trapezium and flexor retinaculum.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Opponens pollicis is the \"thumb's opener,\" always ready to help it move!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 121,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "Where does the Opponens pollicis insert?",
        "answer": "<li>It inserts into the lateral margin and adjacent palmar surface of metacarpal I.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Opponens pollicis is like a \"thumb's steering wheel,\" guiding it in the right direction!",
        "emoji": "🛞"
    },
    {
        "id": 122,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the function of the Opponens pollicis?",
        "answer": "<li>Its function is to medially rotate the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Opponens pollicis is the \"thumb's dance partner,\" always twirling it around!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 123,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Abductor pollicis brevis?",
        "answer": "<li>The Abductor pollicis brevis originates from the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium and adjacent flexor.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Abductor pollicis brevis is the \"thumb's cheerleader,\" always lifting it up!",
        "emoji": "📣"
    },
    {
        "id": 124,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "Where does the Abductor pollicis brevis insert?",
        "answer": "<li>It inserts into the proximal phalanx and extensor hood of the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Abductor pollicis brevis is the \"thumb's high-five buddy,\" always ready to celebrate!",
        "emoji": "🙌"
    },
    {
        "id": 125,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the function of the Abductor pollicis brevis?",
        "answer": "<li>Its function is to abduct the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Abductor pollicis brevis is the \"thumb's party starter,\" always getting it to spread out!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 126,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Flexor pollicis brevis?",
        "answer": "<li>The Flexor pollicis brevis originates from the tubercle of the trapezium and flexor retinaculum.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Flexor pollicis brevis is the \"thumb's comforter,\" always keeping it cozy!",
        "emoji": "🛏️"
    },
    {
        "id": 127,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "Where does the Flexor pollicis brevis insert?",
        "answer": "<li>It inserts into the proximal phalanx of the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Flexor pollicis brevis is the \"thumb's pillow,\" always providing support!",
        "emoji": "🛌"
    },
    {
        "id": 128,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the function of the Flexor pollicis brevis?",
        "answer": "<li>Its function is to flex the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Flexor pollicis brevis is the \"thumb's flexing champion,\" always ready to show off!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 129,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Opponens digiti minimi?",
        "answer": "<li>The Opponens digiti minimi originates from the hook of the hamate and flexor retinaculum.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Opponens digiti minimi is the \"little finger's helper,\" always ready to assist!",
        "emoji": "🖖"
    },
    {
        "id": 130,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "Where does the Opponens digiti minimi insert?",
        "answer": "<li>It inserts into the medial aspect of metacarpal V.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Opponens digiti minimi is like a \"little finger's anchor,\" keeping it steady!",
        "emoji": "⚓"
    },
    {
        "id": 131,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the function of the Opponens digiti minimi?",
        "answer": "<li>Its function is to laterally rotate metacarpal V.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Opponens digiti minimi is the \"little finger's dance instructor,\" always teaching it to move!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 132,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Abductor digiti minimi?",
        "answer": "<li>The Abductor digiti minimi originates from the pisiform, the pisohamate ligament, and the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Abductor digiti minimi is the \"little finger's bodyguard,\" always keeping it safe!",
        "emoji": "🛡️"
    },
    {
        "id": 133,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "Where does the Abductor digiti minimi insert?",
        "answer": "<li>It inserts into the proximal phalanx of the little finger.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Abductor digiti minimi is the \"little finger's best friend,\" always by its side!",
        "emoji": "👯"
    },
    {
        "id": 134,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the function of the Abductor digiti minimi?",
        "answer": "<li>Its function is to abduct the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Abductor digiti minimi is the \"little finger's party planner,\" always getting it to join the fun!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 135,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Flexor digiti minimi brevis?",
        "answer": "<li>The Flexor digiti minimi brevis originates from the hook of the hamate and flexor retinaculum.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Flexor digiti minimi brevis is the \"little finger's comforter,\" always keeping it warm!",
        "emoji": "🛏️"
    },
    {
        "id": 136,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "Where does the Flexor digiti minimi brevis insert?",
        "answer": "<li>It inserts into the proximal phalanx of the little finger.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Flexor digiti minimi brevis is the \"little finger's pillow,\" always providing support!",
        "emoji": "💤"
    },
    {
        "id": 137,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the function of the Flexor digiti minimi brevis?",
        "answer": "<li>Its function is to flex the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Flexor digiti minimi brevis is the \"little finger's flexing champion,\" always ready to show off!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 138,
        "topic": "topic38",
        "question": "What is the nerve supply for the Biceps brachii?",
        "answer": "<li>The Biceps brachii is supplied by the musculo cutaneous nerve [C5, C6].</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Biceps brachii is like the \"muscle's best friend,\" always getting the right signals!",
        "emoji": "📡"
    },
    {
        "id": 139,
        "topic": "topic38",
        "question": "What are the actions of the Biceps brachii?",
        "answer": "<li>The actions include supination of the forearm when the elbow is flexed, flexion of the elbow and shoulder, and it is a powerful supinator in rapid and resisted movements.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Biceps brachii is the \"flexible friend,\" always ready to lift and twist!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 140,
        "topic": "topic38",
        "question": "What is the nerve supply for the Brachialis?",
        "answer": "<li>The Brachialis is supplied by the musculo cutaneous nerve [C5, C6] and the radial nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Brachialis is like the \"dual-powered muscle,\" always ready to flex!",
        "emoji": "⚡"
    },
    {
        "id": 141,
        "topic": "topic38",
        "question": "What is the action of the Brachialis?",
        "answer": "<li>Its action is flexion of the elbow joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Brachialis is the \"elbow's flexing champion,\" always ready to show off!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 142,
        "topic": "topic38",
        "question": "What is the nerve supply for the Brachioradialis?",
        "answer": "<li>The Brachioradialis is supplied by the radial nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Brachioradialis is like the \"radial buddy,\" always there to help!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 143,
        "topic": "topic38",
        "question": "What are the actions of the Brachioradialis?",
        "answer": "<li>The actions include flexion of the elbow joint and pronation of the supinated forearm to the mid-prone position.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Brachioradialis is the \"flex and twist master,\" always ready for action!",
        "emoji": "🔄"
    },
    {
        "id": 144,
        "topic": "topic38",
        "question": "What is the nerve supply for the Supinator?",
        "answer": "<li>The Supinator is supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve [C6, C7].</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Supinator is like the \"supreme muscle,\" always ready to twist!",
        "emoji": "👑"
    },
    {
        "id": 145,
        "topic": "topic38",
        "question": "What is the action of the Supinator?",
        "answer": "<li>Its action is supination of the forearm.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Supinator is the \"forearm's twist champion,\" always ready to spin!",
        "emoji": "🔄"
    },
    {
        "id": 146,
        "topic": "topic38",
        "question": "What muscles produce flexion at the wrist joint?",
        "answer": "<li>The muscles include Flexor carpi radialis (Median N), Flexor carpi ulnaris (Ulnar N), and Palmaris longus (Median N).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "These flexors are the \"wrist's flexing team,\" always ready to bend!",
        "emoji": "🤸"
    },
    {
        "id": 147,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Supinator muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Supinator muscle originates from the superficial part-lateral epicondyle of the humerus, radial collateral and anular ligaments, and the deep part-supinator crest of the ulna.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Supinator is like a superhero, always ready to \"supinate\" the situation!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 148,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "Where does the Supinator muscle insert?",
        "answer": "<li>The Supinator muscle inserts on the lateral surface of the radius superior to the anterior oblique line.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Supinator is like a GPS, always pointing to the radius!",
        "emoji": "🧭"
    },
    {
        "id": 149,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the innervation of the Supinator muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Supinator muscle is innervated by the interosseous nerve [C6, C7].</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Supinator gets its power from the interosseous nerve, like a superhero with a secret sidekick!",
        "emoji": "⚡"
    },
    {
        "id": 150,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the primary function of the Supinator muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The primary function of the Supinator muscle is supination.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Supination is like turning your palm up to say \"please\" – the Supinator is always polite!",
        "emoji": "🙏"
    },
    {
        "id": 151,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Abductor pollicis longus muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Abductor pollicis longus muscle originates from the posterior surfaces of the ulna and radius (distal to the attachments of the supinator and anconeus), and the intervening interosseous membrane.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Abductor pollicis longus is like a long-distance runner, stretching from ulna to radius!",
        "emoji": "🏃‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 152,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "Where does the Abductor pollicis longus muscle insert?",
        "answer": "<li>The Abductor pollicis longus muscle inserts on the lateral side of the base of metacarpal I.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Abductor pollicis longus is always on the \"lateral\" side of things, like a cool kid at school!",
        "emoji": "😎"
    },
    {
        "id": 153,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the innervation of the Abductor pollicis longus muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Abductor pollicis longus muscle is innervated by the interosseous nerve [C7, C8].</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Abductor pollicis longus gets its nerve from the interosseous, like a buddy system!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 154,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the function of the Abductor pollicis longus muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The function of the Abductor pollicis longus muscle is to abduct the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb and act as an accessory extensor of the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Abductor pollicis longus is like a dance partner, always ready to \"abduct\" the thumb!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 155,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Extensor pollicis brevis muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Extensor pollicis brevis muscle originates from the posterior surface of the radius (distal to the abductor pollicis longus) and the adjacent interosseous membrane.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Extensor pollicis brevis is like a short story, brief but impactful!",
        "emoji": "📖"
    },
    {
        "id": 156,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "Where does the Extensor pollicis brevis muscle insert?",
        "answer": "<li>The Extensor pollicis brevis muscle inserts on the dorsal surface of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Extensor pollicis brevis is always reaching for the \"top\" of the thumb!",
        "emoji": "🏆"
    },
    {
        "id": 157,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the innervation of the Extensor pollicis brevis muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Extensor pollicis brevis muscle is innervated by the interosseous nerve [C7, C8].</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Extensor pollicis brevis gets its power from the interosseous nerve, like a tiny battery!",
        "emoji": "🔋"
    },
    {
        "id": 158,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the function of the Extensor pollicis brevis muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The function of the Extensor pollicis brevis muscle is to extend the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb and can also extend the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Extensor pollicis brevis is like a thumb wrestler, always ready to extend its reach!",
        "emoji": "🤼‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 159,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Extensor pollicis longus muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Extensor pollicis longus muscle originates from the posterior surface of the ulna (distal to the abductor pollicis longus) and the adjacent interosseous membrane.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Extensor pollicis longus is like a long-distance runner, always going the extra mile!",
        "emoji": "🏃‍♀️"
    },
    {
        "id": 160,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "Where does the Extensor pollicis longus muscle insert?",
        "answer": "<li>The Extensor pollicis longus muscle inserts on the dorsal surface of the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Extensor pollicis longus is always reaching for the \"tip\" of the thumb!",
        "emoji": "👆"
    },
    {
        "id": 161,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the innervation of the Extensor pollicis longus muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Extensor pollicis longus muscle is innervated by the interosseous nerve [C7, C8].</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Extensor pollicis longus gets its energy from the interosseous nerve, like a power-up in a video game!",
        "emoji": "🎮"
    },
    {
        "id": 162,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the function of the Extensor pollicis longus muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The function of the Extensor pollicis longus muscle is to extend the interphalangeal joint of the thumb and can also extend the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Extensor pollicis longus is like a multitasker, extending all over the place!",
        "emoji": "🛠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 163,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Extensor indicis muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Extensor indicis muscle originates from the posterior surface of the ulna (distal to the extensor pollicis longus) and the adjacent interosseous membrane.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Extensor indicis is like a detective, always pointing to the index finger!",
        "emoji": "🕵️"
    },
    {
        "id": 164,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "Where does the Extensor indicis muscle insert?",
        "answer": "<li>The Extensor indicis muscle inserts on the extensor hood of the index finger.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Extensor indicis is always ready to \"point\" the way!",
        "emoji": "👉"
    },
    {
        "id": 165,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the innervation of the Extensor indicis muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Extensor indicis muscle is innervated by the interosseous nerve [C7, C8].</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Extensor indicis gets its nerve from the interosseous, like a buddy system for fingers!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 166,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the function of the Extensor indicis muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The function of the Extensor indicis muscle is to extend the index finger.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Extensor indicis is like a teacher, always ready to extend a finger for a question!",
        "emoji": "🧑‍🏫"
    },
    {
        "id": 167,
        "topic": "topic40",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Coracobrachialis muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Coracobrachialis muscle originates from the apex of the coracoid process.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Coracobrachialis is like a coracoid compass, always pointing to the shoulder!",
        "emoji": "🧭"
    },
    {
        "id": 168,
        "topic": "topic40",
        "question": "Where does the Coracobrachialis muscle insert?",
        "answer": "<li>The Coracobrachialis muscle inserts on the linear roughening on the mid-shaft of the humerus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Coracobrachialis is always making a \"line\" on the humerus!",
        "emoji": "📏"
    },
    {
        "id": 169,
        "topic": "topic40",
        "question": "What is the innervation of the Coracobrachialis muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Coracobrachialis muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve [C5, C6, C7].</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Coracobrachialis gets its nerve from the musculocutaneous, like a muscle with a good sense of humor!",
        "emoji": "😂"
    },
    {
        "id": 170,
        "topic": "topic40",
        "question": "What is the function of the Coracobrachialis muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The function of the Coracobrachialis muscle is to flex the arm at the glenohumeral joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Coracobrachialis is like a personal trainer, always flexing for the arm!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 171,
        "topic": "topic40",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Biceps brachii muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Biceps brachii muscle has two origins: the long head originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and the short head originates from the apex of the coracoid process.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Biceps brachii is like a two-headed dragon, with one head from the scapula and the other from the coracoid!",
        "emoji": "🐉"
    },
    {
        "id": 172,
        "topic": "topic40",
        "question": "Where does the Biceps brachii muscle insert?",
        "answer": "<li>The Biceps brachii muscle inserts on the radial tuberosity.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Biceps brachii is always \"tubing\" it up at the radial party!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 173,
        "topic": "topic40",
        "question": "What is the innervation of the Biceps brachii muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Biceps brachii muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve [C5, C6].</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Biceps brachii gets its nerve from the musculocutaneous, like a muscle with a good sense of humor!",
        "emoji": "😂"
    },
    {
        "id": 174,
        "topic": "topic40",
        "question": "What is the function of the Biceps brachii muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The function of the Biceps brachii muscle is to act as a powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint and a supinator of the forearm; it is also an accessory flexor of the arm at the glenohumeral joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Biceps brachii is like a Swiss Army knife, always ready to flex and supinate!",
        "emoji": "🛠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 175,
        "topic": "topic40",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Brachialis muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Brachialis muscle originates from the anterior aspect of the humerus (medial and lateral surfaces) and adjacent intermuscular septae.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Brachialis is like a bridge, connecting the humerus to the ulna!",
        "emoji": "🌉"
    },
    {
        "id": 176,
        "topic": "topic40",
        "question": "Where does the Brachialis muscle insert?",
        "answer": "<li>The Brachialis muscle inserts on the tuberosity of the ulna.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Brachialis is always \"tubing\" it up at the ulna party!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 177,
        "topic": "topic40",
        "question": "What is the innervation of the Brachialis muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The Brachialis muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve [C5, C6], with a small contribution from the radial nerve [C7] to the lateral part of the muscle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Brachialis gets its nerve from the musculocutaneous, with a little help from the radial, like a team effort!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 178,
        "topic": "topic40",
        "question": "What is the function of the Brachialis muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>The function of the Brachialis muscle is to act as a powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Brachialis is like a strongman, always flexing at the elbow!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 179,
        "topic": "topic41",
        "question": "What is the origin of the long head of the triceps brachii?",
        "answer": "<li>Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the long head as \"hanging out\" at the top of the scapula, like a friend who always wants to be on top!",
        "emoji": "🏔️"
    },
    {
        "id": 180,
        "topic": "topic41",
        "question": "What is the origin of the medial head of the triceps brachii?",
        "answer": "<li>Posterior surface of the humerus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The medial head is like a secret agent, hiding on the back of the humerus!",
        "emoji": "🕵️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 181,
        "topic": "topic41",
        "question": "What is the origin of the lateral head of the triceps brachii?",
        "answer": "<li>Posterior surface of the humerus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The lateral head is also on the back of the humerus, but it’s the life of the party!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 182,
        "topic": "topic41",
        "question": "What is the insertion point of the triceps brachii?",
        "answer": "<li>Olecranon.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The olecranon is like the elbow's crown, where the triceps rule!",
        "emoji": "👑"
    },
    {
        "id": 183,
        "topic": "topic41",
        "question": "What is the innervation of the triceps brachii?",
        "answer": "<li>Radial nerve (C6, C7, C8).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The radial nerve is like a delivery service, bringing the signal to the triceps to flex its muscles!",
        "emoji": "📦"
    },
    {
        "id": 184,
        "topic": "topic41",
        "question": "What is the primary function of the triceps brachii?",
        "answer": "<li>Extension of the forearm at the elbow joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The triceps are like the ultimate pushers, always extending their help at the elbow!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 185,
        "topic": "topic41",
        "question": "What additional function does the long head of the triceps brachii have?",
        "answer": "<li>It can also extend and adduct the arm at the shoulder joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The long head is a multitasker, extending and pulling the arm like a pro!",
        "emoji": "🤹‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 186,
        "topic": "topic42",
        "question": "Which muscle initiates abduction at the shoulder joint?",
        "answer": "<li>Supraspinatus (less than 15°).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The supraspinatus is like the starter motor of abduction, getting the party going!",
        "emoji": "🚀"
    },
    {
        "id": 187,
        "topic": "topic42",
        "question": "Which muscle is responsible for abduction from 15° to 90° at the shoulder joint?",
        "answer": "<li>Deltoid.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The deltoid is the dance floor, taking the abduction moves to the next level!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 188,
        "topic": "topic42",
        "question": "Which muscles assist in overhead abduction at the shoulder joint?",
        "answer": "<li>Serratus anterior and trapezius.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the serratus anterior and trapezius as the cheerleaders of overhead abduction, lifting the arms high!",
        "emoji": "📣"
    },
    {
        "id": 189,
        "topic": "topic42",
        "question": "What are the primary adductors of the shoulder joint?",
        "answer": "<li>Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi are like the strong arms of a bouncer, pulling everything back in!",
        "emoji": "🏋️"
    },
    {
        "id": 190,
        "topic": "topic42",
        "question": "What are the accessory muscles for adduction at the shoulder joint?",
        "answer": "<li>Teres major, coracobrachialis, short head of biceps, and long head of triceps.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "These accessory muscles are like the backup singers, always ready to help with the adduction chorus!",
        "emoji": "🎤"
    },
    {
        "id": 191,
        "topic": "topic43",
        "question": "Which nerve innervates the shoulder and deltoid regions?",
        "answer": "<li>Axillary nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The axillary nerve is like the friendly neighbor, always checking in on the shoulder and deltoid!",
        "emoji": "🏡"
    },
    {
        "id": 192,
        "topic": "topic43",
        "question": "What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?",
        "answer": "<li>Lateral forearm (both posterior and anterior).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The musculocutaneous nerve is like a multitasking chef, handling both sides of the forearm!",
        "emoji": "👨‍🍳"
    },
    {
        "id": 193,
        "topic": "topic43",
        "question": "What is the continuation of the musculocutaneous nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>Lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The lateral cutaneous nerve is like the sequel to a great movie, continuing the story of the musculocutaneous nerve!",
        "emoji": "🎬"
    },
    {
        "id": 194,
        "topic": "topic43",
        "question": "What does the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve innervate?",
        "answer": "<li>Medial forearm (both posterior and anterior).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve is like a cozy blanket, wrapping the medial forearm in comfort!",
        "emoji": "🛌"
    },
    {
        "id": 195,
        "topic": "topic43",
        "question": "What areas does the radial nerve innervate?",
        "answer": "<li>Central posterior arm and forearm, lateral 2/3 of posterior hand (up to the middle of the 4th digit), and lateral part of the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The radial nerve is like a tour guide, showing off the central and lateral parts of the arm and hand!",
        "emoji": "🗺️"
    },
    {
        "id": 196,
        "topic": "topic43",
        "question": "What areas does the median nerve innervate?",
        "answer": "<li>Lateral two-thirds of the anterior hand and fingertips of the lateral 2/3 of the posterior hand.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The median nerve is like a friendly librarian, organizing the anterior and posterior hand sections!",
        "emoji": "📚"
    },
    {
        "id": 197,
        "topic": "topic43",
        "question": "What does the ulnar nerve innervate?",
        "answer": "<li>Medial third of the hand, both anterior and posterior.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar nerve is like a wise old sage, taking care of the medial side of the hand!",
        "emoji": "🧙‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 198,
        "topic": "topic44",
        "question": "Which muscles are involved in shoulder flexion?",
        "answer": "<li>Pectoralis major, Deltoid (anterior fibres), and corachobrachialis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of a \"flexing\" bodybuilder showing off their pecs and deltoids!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 199,
        "topic": "topic44",
        "question": "What muscles are responsible for shoulder extension?",
        "answer": "<li>Deltoid (posterior fibres), teres major, and latissimus dorsi (for flexion from an extended position).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine a superhero extending their arms to fly, showcasing their \"deltoid\" cape!",
        "emoji": "🦸"
    },
    {
        "id": 200,
        "topic": "topic44",
        "question": "Which muscles contribute to medial rotation of the shoulder?",
        "answer": "<li>Pectoralis major, Deltoid (anterior fibres), teres major, and latissimus dorsi.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture a dancer twirling, rotating their arms medially like a graceful pirouette!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 201,
        "topic": "topic44",
        "question": "What muscles are involved in lateral rotation of the shoulder?",
        "answer": "<li>Deltoid (posterior fibres), teres minor, and infraspinatus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine a car making a sharp left turn, with the \"deltoid\" steering wheel!",
        "emoji": "🚗"
    },
    {
        "id": 202,
        "topic": "topic45",
        "question": "What are the three angles of the scapula?",
        "answer": "<li>Lateral, superior, and inferior angles.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the scapula as a triangle with three sharp angles ready to slice through the air!",
        "emoji": "🔺"
    },
    {
        "id": 203,
        "topic": "topic45",
        "question": "How many borders does the scapula have, and what are they?",
        "answer": "<li>Three borders: superior, lateral, and medial.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture a fence with three sides keeping the scapula safe from intruders!",
        "emoji": "🏰"
    },
    {
        "id": 204,
        "topic": "topic45",
        "question": "What are the two surfaces of the scapula?",
        "answer": "<li>Costal and posterior surfaces.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine the scapula as a sandwich with a costal (bread) and posterior (filling) layer!",
        "emoji": "🥪"
    },
    {
        "id": 205,
        "topic": "topic45",
        "question": "What is the lateral angle of the scapula known for?",
        "answer": "<li>It contains the glenoid cavity, which articulates with the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the glenoid cavity as a cozy socket for the humerus to snuggle into!",
        "emoji": "🛋️"
    },
    {
        "id": 206,
        "topic": "topic45",
        "question": "What is the infraglenoid tubercle?",
        "answer": "<li>The site of attachment for the long head of the triceps brachii muscle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine a \"tubercle\" as a tiny tub where the triceps take a break!",
        "emoji": "🛁"
    },
    {
        "id": 207,
        "topic": "topic45",
        "question": "What does the acromion do?",
        "answer": "<li>It arches over the glenohumeral joint and articulates with the clavicle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture the acromion as an umbrella protecting the joint from rain!",
        "emoji": "☂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 208,
        "topic": "topic45",
        "question": "What characterizes the costal surface of the scapula?",
        "answer": "<li>It has a shallow concave subscapular fossa.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the costal surface as a cozy hammock for the subscapularis muscle!",
        "emoji": "🏖️"
    },
    {
        "id": 209,
        "topic": "topic45",
        "question": "How does the lateral border of the scapula differ from the medial and superior borders?",
        "answer": "<li>The lateral border is strong and thick for muscle attachment, while the medial and superior borders are thin and sharp.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine the lateral border as a sturdy tree trunk, while the others are like sharp twigs!",
        "emoji": "🌳"
    },
    {
        "id": 210,
        "topic": "topic45",
        "question": "What marks the lateral end of the superior border of the scapula?",
        "answer": "<li>The coracoid process and suprascapular notch.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture the coracoid process as a little hook hanging off the scapula!",
        "emoji": "🪝"
    },
    {
        "id": 211,
        "topic": "topic45",
        "question": "Which parts of the scapula can be readily palpated?",
        "answer": "<li>The spine, acromion, tip of the coracoid process, inferior angle, and medial border.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of these parts as the \"landmarks\" of a treasure map on your back!",
        "emoji": "🗺️"
    },
    {
        "id": 212,
        "topic": "topic45",
        "question": "At which vertebra is the superior angle of the scapula located?",
        "answer": "<li>T2 vertebra.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine the superior angle as a peak at the T2 mountain!",
        "emoji": "⛰️"
    },
    {
        "id": 213,
        "topic": "topic45",
        "question": "Where is the base of the spine of the scapula level with?",
        "answer": "<li>The T3 vertebra.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture the spine of the scapula as a bridge connecting T2 and T3!",
        "emoji": "🌉"
    },
    {
        "id": 214,
        "topic": "topic45",
        "question": "At what level is the inferior angle of the scapula situated?",
        "answer": "<li>At the level of T7 vertebra, 7th rib, and intercostal space (ICS).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the inferior angle as the \"bottom\" of a seesaw at T7!",
        "emoji": "⚖️"
    },
    {
        "id": 215,
        "topic": "topic46",
        "question": "What is the anastomosis around the scapula?",
        "answer": "<li>It occurs between the 1st part of the subclavian and 3rd part of the axillary arteries.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine the arteries as friends holding hands around the scapula!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 216,
        "topic": "topic46",
        "question": "Where does the anastomosis around the body occur?",
        "answer": "<li>In the subscapular, supraspinous, and infraspinous fossae.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture the body as a party where arteries mingle in the fossa dance floor!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 217,
        "topic": "topic46",
        "question": "What is the suprascapular artery?",
        "answer": "<li>A branch of the thyrocervical trunk.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the suprascapular artery as a \"super\" highway branching off the main road!",
        "emoji": "🛣️"
    },
    {
        "id": 218,
        "topic": "topic46",
        "question": "What is the deep branch of the transverse cervical artery?",
        "answer": "<li>Another branch of the thyrocervical trunk.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine this artery as a deep diver exploring the cervical trunk!",
        "emoji": "🤿"
    },
    {
        "id": 219,
        "topic": "topic46",
        "question": "What is the circumflex scapular artery?",
        "answer": "<li>A branch of the scapular artery.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture this artery as a circle of friends around the scapula!",
        "emoji": "🔵"
    },
    {
        "id": 220,
        "topic": "topic46",
        "question": "What branches contribute to the anastomosis over the acromion process?",
        "answer": "<li>Acromial branch of the thoracoacromial artery, acromial branch of the suprascapular artery, and acromial branch of the posterior circumflex humeral artery.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of these branches as acrobats performing over the acromion!",
        "emoji": "🤸"
    },
    {
        "id": 221,
        "topic": "topic47",
        "question": "How many bones are in the carpus?",
        "answer": "<li>Eight bones arranged in proximal and distal rows of four.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine the carpus as a tiny city with eight buildings in two rows!",
        "emoji": "🏙️"
    },
    {
        "id": 222,
        "topic": "topic47",
        "question": "What are the carpal bones in the proximal row from radial (lateral) to ulnar (medial)?",
        "answer": "<li>Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture these bones as a lineup of friends standing shoulder to shoulder!",
        "emoji": "👯"
    },
    {
        "id": 223,
        "topic": "topic47",
        "question": "What are the carpal bones in the distal row from radial (lateral) to ulnar (medial)?",
        "answer": "<li>Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of these bones as a team of players ready for a game!",
        "emoji": "⚽"
    },
    {
        "id": 224,
        "topic": "topic47",
        "question": "Which carpal bone is the most frequently fractured?",
        "answer": "<li>The scaphoid, typically due to a fall onto an outstretched hand.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine the scaphoid as the clumsy friend who always trips during a fall!",
        "emoji": "🤕"
    },
    {
        "id": 225,
        "topic": "topic47",
        "question": "How does the fracture of the scaphoid typically occur?",
        "answer": "<li>The fracture usually crosses the long axis of the bone.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture the scaphoid as a long pencil that breaks in the middle when dropped!",
        "emoji": "✏️"
    },
    {
        "id": 226,
        "topic": "topic47",
        "question": "Which is the largest carpal bone?",
        "answer": "<li>The capitate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the capitate as the \"king\" of the carpal castle!",
        "emoji": "👑"
    },
    {
        "id": 227,
        "topic": "topic47",
        "question": "What is unique about the carpal bones at birth?",
        "answer": "<li>They are usually cartilaginous.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine baby carpal bones as soft marshmallows before they harden!",
        "emoji": "🍬"
    },
    {
        "id": 228,
        "topic": "topic47",
        "question": "Which carpal bone is the first to ossify?",
        "answer": "<li>The capitate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture the capitate as the eager student who finishes their homework first!",
        "emoji": "📚"
    },
    {
        "id": 229,
        "topic": "topic47",
        "question": "Which carpal bone is the last to ossify?",
        "answer": "<li>The pisiform.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the pisiform as the procrastinator who waits until the last minute!",
        "emoji": "⏳"
    },
    {
        "id": 230,
        "topic": "topic48",
        "question": "How many metacarpal bones are there?",
        "answer": "<li>Five metacarpal bones.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine five fingers on your hand, each representing a metacarpal!",
        "emoji": "✋"
    },
    {
        "id": 231,
        "topic": "topic48",
        "question": "How are the metacarpal bones conventionally numbered?",
        "answer": "<li>In radio-ulnar order.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the metacarpals as a radio station lineup, tuning in from thumb to pinky!",
        "emoji": "📻"
    },
    {
        "id": 232,
        "topic": "topic48",
        "question": "What is the structure of metacarpal bones?",
        "answer": "<li>They are miniature long bones with a distal head, shaft, and expanded base.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture metacarpals as tiny baseball bats with a thick handle and a wide end!",
        "emoji": "⚾"
    },
    {
        "id": 233,
        "topic": "topic49",
        "question": "Which nerve is associated with the Pronator teres muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>Median N</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the median nerve as the \"middleman\" helping the pronator teres do its job!",
        "emoji": "👐"
    },
    {
        "id": 234,
        "topic": "topic49",
        "question": "What nerve innervates the Flexor carpi ulnaris?",
        "answer": "<li>Ulnar N</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar nerve is like the \"understudy\" for the flexor carpi ulnaris, always ready to lend a hand!",
        "emoji": "🤚"
    },
    {
        "id": 235,
        "topic": "topic49",
        "question": "Which nerve is related to the Supinator muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>Posterior interosseus N</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The posterior interosseus nerve is like the \"backstage pass\" for the supinator, helping it perform!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 236,
        "topic": "topic49",
        "question": "What nerve does the Coracobrachialis muscle receive?",
        "answer": "<li>Musculocutaneous N</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The musculocutaneous nerve is like a \"muscle coach\" for the coracobrachialis, guiding its strength!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 237,
        "topic": "topic50",
        "question": "What muscles insert at the Greater tubercle of the humerus?",
        "answer": "<li>Pectoralis major, Latissimus dorsi, and Teres major</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of these muscles as the \"great trio\" hanging out at the Greater tubercle!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 238,
        "topic": "topic50",
        "question": "Which muscles insert at the Lesser tubercle of the humerus?",
        "answer": "<li>Subscapularis</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The subscapularis is like the \"solo artist\" at the Lesser tubercle, performing all alone!",
        "emoji": "🎤"
    },
    {
        "id": 239,
        "topic": "topic50",
        "question": "What is the origin of the Pronator teres muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>Common flexor origin (Medial)</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The pronator teres is like a \"flexible friend\" coming from the common flexor origin!",
        "emoji": "🤸"
    },
    {
        "id": 240,
        "topic": "topic50",
        "question": "Which muscles originate from the Lateral side of the lower humerus?",
        "answer": "<li>Brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, common extensor origin, and anconeus</li>",
        "memoryTip": "These lateral muscles are like the \"lateral league\" of the lower humerus, always extending their reach!",
        "emoji": "🏋️"
    },
    {
        "id": 241,
        "topic": "topic51",
        "question": "What articulates with the proximal phalanges?",
        "answer": "<li>The rounded heads of the metacarpals</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The rounded heads are like \"friendly neighbors\" shaking hands with the proximal phalanges!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 242,
        "topic": "topic51",
        "question": "What produces the knuckles?",
        "answer": "<li>The metacarpal heads</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the metacarpal heads as the \"knuckle factories\" producing those iconic bumps!",
        "emoji": "👊"
    },
    {
        "id": 243,
        "topic": "topic51",
        "question": "Which metacarpal is the shortest and stoutest?",
        "answer": "<li>The first metacarpal</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The first metacarpal is like the \"short and sturdy friend\" in the group!",
        "emoji": "🧑‍🦰"
    },
    {
        "id": 244,
        "topic": "topic51",
        "question": "Which metacarpal has the longest shaft and largest base?",
        "answer": "<li>The second metacarpal</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The second metacarpal is the \"tallest in the class,\" always reaching for the top!",
        "emoji": "📏"
    },
    {
        "id": 245,
        "topic": "topic51",
        "question": "What is unique about the third metacarpal?",
        "answer": "<li>It has a short styloid process.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The third metacarpal is like a \"short story\" with a brief ending—its styloid process!",
        "emoji": "📖"
    },
    {
        "id": 246,
        "topic": "topic51",
        "question": "How does the metacarpal bone of the thumb function?",
        "answer": "<li>It functions independently and has increased flexibility at the carpometacarpal joint for opposition to the fingers.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The thumb is like the \"independent artist\" of the hand, flexibly opposing the rest!",
        "emoji": "👍"
    },
    {
        "id": 247,
        "topic": "topic52",
        "question": "What is the first bone in the body to ossify?",
        "answer": "<li>The clavicle</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The clavicle is the \"early bird\" of bones, getting its ossification done first!",
        "emoji": "🐦"
    },
    {
        "id": 248,
        "topic": "topic52",
        "question": "How does the clavicle ossify?",
        "answer": "<li>It ossifies in membrane.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The clavicle is like a \"membrane magician,\" pulling off its ossification trick!",
        "emoji": "🎩"
    },
    {
        "id": 249,
        "topic": "topic52",
        "question": "How many primary centers of ossification does the clavicle have?",
        "answer": "<li>Two primary centers</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The clavicle is like a \"double agent\" with two primary centers of ossification!",
        "emoji": "🕵️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 250,
        "topic": "topic52",
        "question": "What is unique about the orientation of the clavicle?",
        "answer": "<li>It lies horizontally.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The clavicle is the \"horizontal hero\" of bones, always lying flat!",
        "emoji": "➖"
    },
    {
        "id": 251,
        "topic": "topic52",
        "question": "Where is the clavicle most commonly fractured?",
        "answer": "<li>At the junction of its lateral and middle one-third.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The clavicle is like a \"weak link\" at its junction, always ready to break!",
        "emoji": "🔗"
    },
    {
        "id": 252,
        "topic": "topic53",
        "question": "What is the angle of humeral torsion?",
        "answer": "<li>164 degrees</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The humeral torsion is like a \"twist in the plot\" at 164 degrees!",
        "emoji": "🔄"
    },
    {
        "id": 253,
        "topic": "topic53",
        "question": "Which nerve is related to the surgical neck of the humerus?",
        "answer": "<li>The axillary nerve</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The axillary nerve is like the \"surgical assistant,\" always at the neck of the humerus!",
        "emoji": "🩺"
    },
    {
        "id": 254,
        "topic": "topic53",
        "question": "Where is the radial nerve located in relation to the humerus?",
        "answer": "<li>At the radial groove</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The radial nerve is like a \"groovy dancer,\" hanging out at the radial groove!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 255,
        "topic": "topic53",
        "question": "Which nerve is found behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus?",
        "answer": "<li>The ulnar nerve</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar nerve is like a \"sneaky friend,\" always lurking behind the medial epicondyle!",
        "emoji": "👀"
    },
    {
        "id": 256,
        "topic": "topic54",
        "question": "Which nerve supplies all intrinsic muscles of the palm except for LOAF?",
        "answer": "<li>Ulnar nerve</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar nerve is like the \"bouncer\" at the palm party, letting LOAF in but not the rest!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 257,
        "topic": "topic54",
        "question": "What does LOAF stand for in relation to intrinsic muscles?",
        "answer": "<li>First & Second Lumbricals, Opponens Pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis, Flexor pollicis brevis (Superficial head)</li>",
        "memoryTip": "LOAF is the \"breadwinner\" of the palm, always bringing the best muscles to the table!",
        "emoji": "🍞"
    },
    {
        "id": 258,
        "topic": "topic55",
        "question": "What does Dawbarn's sign indicate?",
        "answer": "<li>The disappearance of previously existing cruciate pain on abduction, seen in subacromial bursitis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Dawbarn's sign is like a \"magic trick,\" making pain disappear when you raise your arm!",
        "emoji": "🎩"
    },
    {
        "id": 259,
        "topic": "topic55",
        "question": "What is the common cause of subacromial bursitis?",
        "answer": "<li>Inflammation of the supraspinatus tendon.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Subacromial bursitis is like a \"tendon tantrum,\" causing inflammation in the supraspinatus!",
        "emoji": "😤"
    },
    {
        "id": 260,
        "topic": "topic56",
        "question": "What does the \"Popeye sign\" refer to?",
        "answer": "<li>The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle being ruptured.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The \"Popeye sign\" is like a \"muscle flex\" gone wrong, showing off a bulging bicep!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 261,
        "topic": "topic56",
        "question": "What characteristic deformity is produced by the Popeye sign?",
        "answer": "<li>An extremely prominent bulge of the muscle belly when flexing the elbow.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Popeye sign is like a \"muscle balloon,\" inflating when you flex your elbow!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 262,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "What muscle is innervated by the Long thoracic nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>Serratus anterior</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the serrated knife that helps you slice through tough meat—just like the Long thoracic nerve helps the serratus anterior slice through the air!",
        "emoji": "🔪"
    },
    {
        "id": 263,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "Which muscles are innervated by the Medial pectoral nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>Pectoralis major and minor</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine a pectoral major and minor duo performing a duet—it's a major and minor situation!",
        "emoji": "🎤"
    },
    {
        "id": 264,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "What is the function of the Lateral pectoral nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>It innervates the Pectoralis major and minor.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The lateral pectoral nerve is like a coach, guiding both major and minor players on the field!",
        "emoji": "🏈"
    },
    {
        "id": 265,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "Which muscle is innervated by the Upper subscapular nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>Subscapularis</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The upper subscapular nerve is like a supportive friend, always there to help the subscapularis lift its spirits!",
        "emoji": "🙌"
    },
    {
        "id": 266,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "What muscles are innervated by the Lower subscapular nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>Subscapularis and Teres major</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The lower subscapular nerve is like a two-for-one deal at a store—getting both subscapularis and Teres major!",
        "emoji": "🛍️"
    },
    {
        "id": 267,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "Which muscle does the Thoracodorsal nerve innervate?",
        "answer": "<li>Latissimus dorsi</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The thoracodorsal nerve is like a personal trainer for the latissimus dorsi, helping it get those \"lat\" gains!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 268,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "What muscles are innervated by the Suprascapular nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The suprascapular nerve is like a superhero duo, always ready to lift and rotate!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 269,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "Which muscle is innervated by the Dorsal scapular nerve?",
        "answer": "<li>Rhomboids</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The dorsal scapular nerve is like a rhombus-shaped cheerleader, always supporting the rhomboids!",
        "emoji": "📣"
    },
    {
        "id": 270,
        "topic": "topic58",
        "question": "What forms the medial boundary of the Triangle of auscultation?",
        "answer": "<li>Lateral border of trapezius</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The trapezius is like a protective wall, keeping the triangle of auscultation safe!",
        "emoji": "🏰"
    },
    {
        "id": 271,
        "topic": "topic58",
        "question": "What forms the lateral boundary of the Triangle of auscultation?",
        "answer": "<li>Medial border of the scapula</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The scapula is like a trusty sidekick, always standing by the triangle of auscultation!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♀️"
    },
    {
        "id": 272,
        "topic": "topic58",
        "question": "What is the inferior boundary of the Triangle of auscultation?",
        "answer": "<li>Upper border of Latissimus dorsi</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The latissimus dorsi is like a cozy blanket, wrapping around the triangle of auscultation!",
        "emoji": "🛌"
    },
    {
        "id": 273,
        "topic": "topic58",
        "question": "What is the floor of the Triangle of auscultation?",
        "answer": "<li>6th and 7th intercostal space, 7th rib, Rhomboideus major</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The floor of the triangle is like a sturdy foundation, supporting all the important structures above!",
        "emoji": "🏗️"
    },
    {
        "id": 274,
        "topic": "topic58",
        "question": "What is the medial boundary of the Lumbar triangle of Petit?",
        "answer": "<li>Lateral border</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The lateral border is like a fence, keeping the lumbar triangle of Petit contained!",
        "emoji": "🚧"
    },
    {
        "id": 275,
        "topic": "topic58",
        "question": "What forms the lateral boundary of the Lumbar triangle of Petit?",
        "answer": "<li>External oblique muscle</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The external oblique muscle is like a bouncer, guarding the entrance to the lumbar triangle of Petit!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 276,
        "topic": "topic58",
        "question": "What is the inferior boundary of the Lumbar triangle of Petit?",
        "answer": "<li>Iliac crest</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The iliac crest is like a solid shelf, holding up the lumbar triangle of Petit!",
        "emoji": "🛒"
    },
    {
        "id": 277,
        "topic": "topic58",
        "question": "What is the floor of the Lumbar triangle of Petit?",
        "answer": "<li>Internal oblique</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The internal oblique is like a secret agent, working undercover beneath the lumbar triangle of Petit!",
        "emoji": "🕵️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 278,
        "topic": "topic59",
        "question": "What is the lateral boundary of the cubital fossa?",
        "answer": "<li>Brachioradialis</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The brachioradialis is like a strong arm, holding up the lateral side of the cubital fossa!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 279,
        "topic": "topic59",
        "question": "What is the medial boundary of the cubital fossa?",
        "answer": "<li>Pronator teres</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The pronator teres is like a friendly guide, helping to navigate the medial side of the cubital fossa!",
        "emoji": "🧭"
    },
    {
        "id": 280,
        "topic": "topic59",
        "question": "What is the apex of the cubital fossa?",
        "answer": "<li>Joining of medial and lateral walls</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The apex is like the tip of an ice cream cone, where all the flavors come together!",
        "emoji": "🍦"
    },
    {
        "id": 281,
        "topic": "topic59",
        "question": "What is the floor of the cubital fossa?",
        "answer": "<li>Brachialis and supinator</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The floor is like a solid dance floor, where the brachialis and supinator groove together!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 282,
        "topic": "topic60",
        "question": "What four tendons form the rotator cuff?",
        "answer": "<li>Subscapularis, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, and Supraspinatus</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The rotator cuff is like a superhero team (SITS) ready to protect your shoulder!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 283,
        "topic": "topic60",
        "question": "Where should intramuscular injections be given in the deltoid?",
        "answer": "<li>In the lower half of the muscle</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the deltoid as a cake—don't poke the top, stick to the lower half for a sweet spot!",
        "emoji": "🍰"
    },
    {
        "id": 284,
        "topic": "topic60",
        "question": "What is the preaxial vein of the upper limb?",
        "answer": "<li>Cephalic vein</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The cephalic vein is like the VIP section of veins, always getting the best view!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 285,
        "topic": "topic60",
        "question": "What is the postaxial vein of the upper limb?",
        "answer": "<li>Basilic vein</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The basilic vein is like the underdog, quietly doing its job while the cephalic steals the spotlight!",
        "emoji": "🐶"
    },
    {
        "id": 286,
        "topic": "topic60",
        "question": "What nutrient artery supplies the clavicle?",
        "answer": "<li>Suprascapular artery</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The suprascapular artery is like a lifeguard, keeping the clavicle safe and sound!",
        "emoji": "🏊‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 287,
        "topic": "topic60",
        "question": "Which nutrient artery supplies the humerus?",
        "answer": "<li>Profunda brachii (Brachial artery)</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The profunda brachii is like a deep-sea diver, going deep to nourish the humerus!",
        "emoji": "🤿"
    },
    {
        "id": 288,
        "topic": "topic60",
        "question": "What nutrient artery supplies the ulna?",
        "answer": "<li>Anterior interosseous artery</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The anterior interosseous artery is like a front-row seat, giving the ulna the best view!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 289,
        "topic": "topic60",
        "question": "What nutrient artery supplies the radius?",
        "answer": "<li>Anterior interosseous artery</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The anterior interosseous artery is like a double feature, serving both the ulna and radius!",
        "emoji": "🎬"
    },
    {
        "id": 290,
        "topic": "topic61",
        "question": "What is \"Bullrider's Thumb\"?",
        "answer": "<li>A sprain of the radial collateral ligament and avulsion fracture of the lateral part of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Bullrider's Thumb is like a rodeo gone wrong—hold on tight or you might get thrown!",
        "emoji": "🤠"
    },
    {
        "id": 291,
        "topic": "topic61",
        "question": "What condition is caused by inflammation of the common flexor origin?",
        "answer": "<li>Golfer's elbow</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Golfer's elbow is like a bad swing—too much flexing and not enough relaxing!",
        "emoji": "⛳"
    },
    {
        "id": 292,
        "topic": "topic61",
        "question": "What condition is caused by inflammation of the common extensor origin?",
        "answer": "<li>Tennis elbow</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Tennis elbow is like a match point gone wrong—too much serving and not enough resting!",
        "emoji": "🎾"
    },
    {
        "id": 293,
        "topic": "topic61",
        "question": "What is the most common cause of nerve root compression in the neck?",
        "answer": "<li>Cervical spondylosis</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cervical spondylosis is like a traffic jam in your neck—too many cars and not enough lanes!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 294,
        "topic": "topic61",
        "question": "What is \"Skier's or Gamekeeper's Thumb\"?",
        "answer": "<li>Rupture or chronic laxity of the collateral ligament of the 1st metacarpophalangeal joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Skier's Thumb is like a ski trip gone wrong—don't let that thumb go off-piste!",
        "emoji": "🎿"
    },
    {
        "id": 295,
        "topic": "topic61",
        "question": "What causes the injury known as Skier's or Gamekeeper's Thumb?",
        "answer": "<li>Hyperabduction of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hyperabduction is like a thumb doing the splits—ouch!",
        "emoji": "🤸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 296,
        "topic": "topic61",
        "question": "What can happen in severe injuries of Skier's or Gamekeeper's Thumb?",
        "answer": "<li>The head of the metacarpal may have an avulsion fracture.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "In severe cases, the thumb might just \"break up\" with the metacarpal—ouch!",
        "emoji": "💔"
    },
    {
        "id": 297,
        "topic": "topic62",
        "question": "What are the contents of the cubital fossa from medial to lateral?",
        "answer": "<li>The contents are the Median nerve, Brachial artery, Biceps tendon, and Superficial branch of the radial nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Remember the order by thinking of a \"BMB\" sandwich: Biceps, Median, Brachial!",
        "emoji": "🥪"
    },
    {
        "id": 298,
        "topic": "topic63",
        "question": "Which muscles are referred to as the muscles of writing?",
        "answer": "<li>The muscles of writing are the lumbricals.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Lumbricals are like little worms helping you write, so think of them as \"writing worms\"!",
        "emoji": "🐛"
    },
    {
        "id": 299,
        "topic": "topic64",
        "question": "Which veins are known to be without valves?",
        "answer": "<li>The superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), portal veins, and head & neck veins are without valves.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of these veins as the \"valve-less wonders\" of the body, always flowing freely!",
        "emoji": "🚰"
    },
    {
        "id": 300,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What structures are most vulnerable in rotator cuff impingement syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>The most vulnerable structures are the supraspinatus tendon, long head of biceps, and subacromial bursa.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine a \"supraspinatus sandwich\" getting squished in a tight space!",
        "emoji": "🥪"
    },
    {
        "id": 301,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What clinical symptoms are associated with rotator cuff impingement syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>It causes tenderness over the anterior portion of the acromion and pain during shoulder abduction between 60 and 120 degrees.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the \"painful arc\" as a roller coaster ride that only hurts in the middle!",
        "emoji": "🎢"
    },
    {
        "id": 302,
        "topic": "topic66",
        "question": "What does the radial bursa contain?",
        "answer": "<li>The radial bursa contains the Pollicis Longus tendon.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture the Pollicis Longus as a long-distance runner in a bursa marathon!",
        "emoji": "🏃"
    },
    {
        "id": 303,
        "topic": "topic66",
        "question": "How often does the radial bursa communicate with the ulnar bursa?",
        "answer": "<li>The radial bursa communicates with the ulnar bursa in 50% of people.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a \"bursa buddy system\" where half the time they share secrets!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 304,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "What tendons does the ulnar bursa contain?",
        "answer": "<li>The ulnar bursa contains the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis and Profundus tendons.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine these tendons as \"flexing fingers\" showing off their strength!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 305,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "How often does the ulnar bursa communicate with the radial bursa?",
        "answer": "<li>The ulnar bursa communicates with the radial bursa in 50% of people.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Just like the radial bursa, it's a \"bursa buddy\" situation for half the population!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 306,
        "topic": "topic68",
        "question": "What is a horseshoe infection?",
        "answer": "<li>A horseshoe infection is an infection spreading from the little finger to the thumb or vice versa due to communication between the radial and ulnar bursae.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a \"finger friendship\" gone wrong, spreading infection like a bad rumor!",
        "emoji": "🐴"
    },
    {
        "id": 307,
        "topic": "topic69",
        "question": "What does the dorsal subcutaneous space receive lymph from?",
        "answer": "<li>It receives lymph from the palmar aspect of the hand.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture the hand sending \"lymph mail\" to the back of the hand!",
        "emoji": "📬"
    },
    {
        "id": 308,
        "topic": "topic69",
        "question": "What can happen if there is a hand infection related to the dorsal subcutaneous space?",
        "answer": "<li>A hand infection can result in swelling on the posterior aspect of the hand, which would be lymph, not pus, so it shouldn't be incised.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a \"lymph party\" on the back of the hand that doesn't want to be disturbed!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 309,
        "topic": "topic70",
        "question": "What is the main arterial supply to the hand?",
        "answer": "<li>The main arterial supply to the hand is the superficial palmar arch.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine the arch as a \"super highway\" for blood flow to the hand!",
        "emoji": "🛣️"
    },
    {
        "id": 310,
        "topic": "topic70",
        "question": "How is the superficial palmar arch formed?",
        "answer": "<li>It is formed by a continuation of the ulnar artery and anastomoses with the Superficial Palmar Branch of the Radial Artery.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a \"blood bridge\" connecting two arteries!",
        "emoji": "🌉"
    },
    {
        "id": 311,
        "topic": "topic71",
        "question": "Where does the deep palmar arch lie?",
        "answer": "<li>The deep palmar arch lies deep to the flexor retinaculum.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture it as the \"hidden treasure\" of the hand, buried deep!",
        "emoji": "🏴‍☠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 312,
        "topic": "topic71",
        "question": "What artery forms the deep palmar arch?",
        "answer": "<li>The deep palmar arch is formed by the radial artery and anastomoses with the terminal ulnar artery.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a \"radial reunion\" with the ulnar artery!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 313,
        "topic": "topic72",
        "question": "What does the dorsal carpal arch give off?",
        "answer": "<li>The dorsal carpal arch gives off the Dorsal Metacarpal Arteries and Dorsal Digital Arteries.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine the dorsal arch as a \"dorsal delivery service\" for blood to the fingers!",
        "emoji": "📦"
    },
    {
        "id": 314,
        "topic": "topic73",
        "question": "Where is the thenar space located?",
        "answer": "<li>The thenar space is located deep to the 1st lumbrical muscle and the 2nd flexor tendon in the palm of the hand.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as the \"VIP lounge\" of the palm, reserved for the important muscles!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 315,
        "topic": "topic73",
        "question": "What is the midpalmar space?",
        "answer": "<li>The midpalmar space is the medial part of the deep palm of the hand, located deep to the rest of the flexor tendons and next to the thenar space.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture it as the \"middle child\" of the palm, always next to the favorite!",
        "emoji": "👶"
    },
    {
        "id": 316,
        "topic": "topic74",
        "question": "What happens in the space of Parona compression?",
        "answer": "<li>Veins are subject to compression when swelling or fluid buildup occurs, causing blood to backflow.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a \"traffic jam\" for blood flow, causing delays!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 317,
        "topic": "topic75",
        "question": "What is coracobrachialis syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Coracobrachialis syndrome is the loss of the Musculocutaneous Nerve where it runs through the Coracobrachialis Muscle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine the nerve getting \"lost\" in the muscle jungle!",
        "emoji": "🌴"
    },
    {
        "id": 318,
        "topic": "topic76",
        "question": "What causes supinator channel syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>It is caused by compression of the deep branch of the radial nerve between the superficial and deep heads of the supinator or due to compression of the posterior interosseous nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a \"squeeze play\" in a game of nerves!",
        "emoji": "🤏"
    },
    {
        "id": 319,
        "topic": "topic77",
        "question": "What is the arcade of Frohns?",
        "answer": "<li>The arcade of Frohns occurs in 20%-30% of the population, where one head of the supinator is a sharp tendon inserting on the lateral epicondyle, potentially leading to radial nerve damage.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture it as a \"sharp turn\" in the nerve highway that can cause accidents!",
        "emoji": "🚧"
    },
    {
        "id": 320,
        "topic": "topic78",
        "question": "What is supracondylar syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Supracondylar syndrome is the entrapment of the median nerve beneath the ligament of Struthers, which connects the supracondylar process to the medial epicondyle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as the median nerve getting \"trapped\" in a ligament traffic jam!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 321,
        "topic": "topic79",
        "question": "What is pronator teres syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Pronator teres syndrome is the entrapment of the median nerve passing between the deep and superficial heads of the pronator teres.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine the median nerve doing a \"tightrope walk\" between two heads!",
        "emoji": "🎪"
    },
    {
        "id": 322,
        "topic": "topic80",
        "question": "What is Martin-Gruber anastomosis?",
        "answer": "<li>Martin-Gruber anastomosis is a connection between the median and ulnar nerves in the palm of the hand, occurring in about 30% of the population, mainly as a motor connection.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a \"nerve handshake\" between two pals!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 323,
        "topic": "topic81",
        "question": "What is the commonest fracture in the hand?",
        "answer": "<li>The commonest fracture is of the distal phalanx of the middle finger.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture the middle finger getting \"too much attention\" and breaking under pressure!",
        "emoji": "🖐️"
    },
    {
        "id": 324,
        "topic": "topic81",
        "question": "How is a distal phalanx fracture treated?",
        "answer": "<li>It is treated by splinting the injured phalanx to the adjacent normal phalanx, known as buddy splinting.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as \"buddying up\" to help the injured finger heal!",
        "emoji": "👯‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 325,
        "topic": "topic82",
        "question": "What is the branch of the thoracodorsal artery?",
        "answer": "<li>Subscapular artery.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the thoracodorsal artery as a \"sub\" contractor for the subscapular artery!",
        "emoji": "🏗️"
    },
    {
        "id": 326,
        "topic": "topic82",
        "question": "Which artery is associated with the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral artery?",
        "answer": "<li>Third part of the axillary artery.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The circumflex humeral artery is like a dance partner, always circling around the axillary artery!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 327,
        "topic": "topic82",
        "question": "What artery does the deep brachial artery branch from?",
        "answer": "<li>Brachial artery near its origin.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The deep brachial artery is like a deep thinker, always close to its origin!",
        "emoji": "🤔"
    },
    {
        "id": 328,
        "topic": "topic82",
        "question": "What is the largest branch of the brachial artery?",
        "answer": "<li>Deep artery of the arm.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The deep artery of the arm is the \"big shot\" in the brachial family!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 329,
        "topic": "topic82",
        "question": "What artery do the ulnar collateral arteries branch from?",
        "answer": "<li>Brachial artery.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar collateral arteries are like the supportive friends of the brachial artery!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 330,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "What is the origin of the ulnar artery?",
        "answer": "<li>Larger terminal branch of the brachial artery in the cubital fossa.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar artery is the \"big\" exit from the brachial party in the cubital fossa!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 331,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "Where does the anterior ulnar recurrent artery originate?",
        "answer": "<li>Ulnar artery distal to the elbow joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The anterior ulnar recurrent artery is like a \"recurrent\" guest at the elbow joint!",
        "emoji": "🔄"
    },
    {
        "id": 332,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "What is the origin of the posterior ulnar recurrent artery?",
        "answer": "<li>Ulnar artery distal to the anterior ulnar.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The posterior ulnar recurrent artery always follows the anterior like a loyal shadow!",
        "emoji": "👤"
    },
    {
        "id": 333,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "Where does the common interosseous artery originate?",
        "answer": "<li>Ulnar artery in the cubital fossa, distal to the bifurcation of the brachial artery.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The common interosseous artery is the \"common\" friend found in the cubital fossa!",
        "emoji": "👥"
    },
    {
        "id": 334,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "What is the origin of the anterior interosseous artery?",
        "answer": "<li>Terminal branches of the common interosseous artery, between the radius and ulna.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The anterior interosseous artery is like a bridge between the radius and ulna!",
        "emoji": "🌉"
    },
    {
        "id": 335,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "What is the origin of the posterior interosseous artery?",
        "answer": "<li>None.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The posterior interosseous artery is like a ghost—it's there but has no origin!",
        "emoji": "👻"
    },
    {
        "id": 336,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "Where does the recurrent interosseous artery originate?",
        "answer": "<li>Posterior interosseous artery, between the radius and ulna.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The recurrent interosseous artery is like a boomerang, always coming back between the radius and ulna!",
        "emoji": "🪃"
    },
    {
        "id": 337,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "What is the origin of the palmar carpal branch?",
        "answer": "<li>Ulnar artery in the distal forearm.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The palmar carpal branch is like a palm tree growing in the distal forearm!",
        "emoji": "🌴"
    },
    {
        "id": 338,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "Where does the dorsal carpal branch originate?",
        "answer": "<li>Ulnar artery, proximal to the pisiform.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The dorsal carpal branch is like a \"dorsal\" fin swimming just above the pisiform!",
        "emoji": "🐬"
    },
    {
        "id": 339,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "What is the origin of the radial artery?",
        "answer": "<li>Smaller terminal branch of the brachial artery in the cubital fossa.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The radial artery is the \"smaller\" sibling that still gets a big role in the cubital fossa!",
        "emoji": "👶"
    },
    {
        "id": 340,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "Where does the radial recurrent artery originate?",
        "answer": "<li>Lateral side of the radial artery, just distal to the brachial artery bifurcation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The radial recurrent artery is like a lateral dancer, always moving just off the main stage!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 341,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "What is the origin of the palmar carpal branch of the radial artery?",
        "answer": "<li>Distal radial artery near the distal border of the pronator quadratus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The palmar carpal branch is like a \"pal\" hanging out near the pronator quadratus!",
        "emoji": "🤗"
    },
    {
        "id": 342,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "Where does the dorsal carpal branch of the radial artery originate?",
        "answer": "<li>Distal radial artery in the proximal part of the snuff box.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The dorsal carpal branch is like a \"snuff\" box surprise, hiding in the proximal part!",
        "emoji": "🎁"
    },
    {
        "id": 343,
        "topic": "topic84",
        "question": "What muscles form the anterior wall of the axilla?",
        "answer": "<li>Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, and subclavius muscles.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The anterior wall of the axilla is like a \"pectoral\" wall of fame!",
        "emoji": "🏆"
    },
    {
        "id": 344,
        "topic": "topic84",
        "question": "Which muscles form the posterior wall of the axilla?",
        "answer": "<li>Subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, and teres major muscles.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The posterior wall of the axilla is like a \"lat\" party with the teres major crashing in!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 345,
        "topic": "topic84",
        "question": "What muscle forms the medial wall of the axilla?",
        "answer": "<li>Serratus anterior muscle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The serratus anterior muscle is the \"serrated\" edge of the axilla's medial wall!",
        "emoji": "🔪"
    },
    {
        "id": 346,
        "topic": "topic84",
        "question": "What forms the lateral wall of the axilla?",
        "answer": "<li>Intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove) of the humerus, concealed by the biceps and coracobrachialis muscles.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The lateral wall of the axilla is like a hidden treasure, concealed by the biceps and coracobrachialis!",
        "emoji": "🗝️"
    },
    {
        "id": 347,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "How is the axillary artery divided?",
        "answer": "<li>Into three parts by the pectoralis minor muscle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The pectoralis minor is like a referee, dividing the axillary artery into three parts!",
        "emoji": "🏅"
    },
    {
        "id": 348,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "What is the first part of the axillary artery?",
        "answer": "<li>Proximal part.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The first part of the axillary artery is like the \"first class\" seat on a flight!",
        "emoji": "✈️"
    },
    {
        "id": 349,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "What is the second part of the axillary artery?",
        "answer": "<li>Posterior part.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The second part of the axillary artery is like the \"backseat\" on a road trip!",
        "emoji": "🚗"
    },
    {
        "id": 350,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "What is the third part of the axillary artery?",
        "answer": "<li>Distal part to the pectoralis minor.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The third part of the axillary artery is like the \"last call\" at a party!",
        "emoji": "📞"
    },
    {
        "id": 351,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "What is the largest branch of the axillary artery?",
        "answer": "<li>Subscapular artery.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The subscapular artery is the \"big boss\" of the axillary artery branches!",
        "emoji": "👑"
    },
    {
        "id": 352,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "What are the branches of the thoraco-acromial artery?",
        "answer": "<li>Acromial, pectoral, clavicular, and deltoid branches.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The thoraco-acromial artery has branches like a family tree with acromial, pectoral, clavicular, and deltoid relatives!",
        "emoji": "🌳"
    },
    {
        "id": 353,
        "topic": "topic86",
        "question": "What is the Ligament of Struther?",
        "answer": "<li>The third head of coracobrachialis that may ossify and cross the median nerve, artery, and vein.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Ligament of Struther is like a \"third wheel\" that can cause a traffic jam in the arm!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 354,
        "topic": "topic87",
        "question": "In which areas are lymphatics absent?",
        "answer": "<li>Brain, spinal cord, eye, cornea, internal ear, epidermis, nail, hair, cartilage, and splenic pulp.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Lymphatics are like the \"no entry\" signs in these areas—no traffic allowed!",
        "emoji": "🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 355,
        "topic": "topic88",
        "question": "What is the clavipectoral fascia?",
        "answer": "<li>A fibrous sheet behind the clavicular part of pectoralis major.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The clavipectoral fascia is like a \"clutch\" holding the pectoralis major in place!",
        "emoji": "👜"
    },
    {
        "id": 356,
        "topic": "topic89",
        "question": "What does the axillary fascia become at the upper edge of pectoralis minor?",
        "answer": "<li>The axillary fascia becomes the clavipectoral fascia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the axillary fascia as a chameleon that changes its colors at the edge of pectoralis minor!",
        "emoji": "🦎"
    },
    {
        "id": 357,
        "topic": "topic89",
        "question": "What is another name for the clavipectoral fascia?",
        "answer": "<li>It is also called the suspensory ligament of the axilla.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The clavipectoral fascia is like a supportive friend, always suspending your worries in the axilla!",
        "emoji": "🤗"
    },
    {
        "id": 358,
        "topic": "topic89",
        "question": "What anatomical structures does the clavipectoral fascia fill the gap between?",
        "answer": "<li>It fills the gap between pectoralis minor and subclavius.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine the clavipectoral fascia as a bridge connecting two friends, pectoralis minor and subclavius!",
        "emoji": "🌉"
    },
    {
        "id": 359,
        "topic": "topic89",
        "question": "What does the clavipectoral fascia cover?",
        "answer": "<li>It covers the axillary vessels and nerves.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The clavipectoral fascia is like a cozy blanket, keeping the axillary vessels and nerves warm!",
        "emoji": "🛌"
    },
    {
        "id": 360,
        "topic": "topic89",
        "question": "How does the clavipectoral fascia interact with the subclavius?",
        "answer": "<li>It splits around the subclavius and is attached to the clavicle both anterior and posterior to the groove for subclavius.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The clavipectoral fascia is like a split personality, wrapping around subclavius while still holding onto the clavicle!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 361,
        "topic": "topic89",
        "question": "What ligament is formed by the thickening of the fascia between the first rib and coracoid process?",
        "answer": "<li>The costocoracoid ligament.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The costocoracoid ligament is like a strong rope tying the first rib and coracoid process together!",
        "emoji": "🪢"
    },
    {
        "id": 362,
        "topic": "topic89",
        "question": "What does the clavipectoral fascia blend with laterally?",
        "answer": "<li>It blends with the fascia over the short head of biceps.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the clavipectoral fascia as a social butterfly, blending in with the biceps at the party!",
        "emoji": "🦋"
    },
    {
        "id": 363,
        "topic": "topic89",
        "question": "Which structures pierce the clavipectoral fascia?",
        "answer": "<li>The lateral pectoral nerve, cephalic vein, thoraco-acromial vessels, lymphatics, and lateral pectoral vein.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The clavipectoral fascia is like a VIP club, allowing only certain guests to pierce through!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 364,
        "topic": "topic90",
        "question": "Where is the quadrangular space located?",
        "answer": "<li>It is located just medial to the surgical neck of the humerus on the posterior side.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The quadrangular space is like a secret garden, tucked away just behind the humerus!",
        "emoji": "🌳"
    },
    {
        "id": 365,
        "topic": "topic90",
        "question": "What is the superior border of the quadrangular space?",
        "answer": "<li>The superior border is formed by the teres minor.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The teres minor is like the top hat of the quadrangular space, always on top!",
        "emoji": "🎩"
    },
    {
        "id": 366,
        "topic": "topic90",
        "question": "What forms the inferior border of the quadrangular space?",
        "answer": "<li>The inferior border is formed by the teres major.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The teres major is like the comfy couch at the bottom of the quadrangular space!",
        "emoji": "🛋️"
    },
    {
        "id": 367,
        "topic": "topic90",
        "question": "What is the lateral border of the quadrangular space?",
        "answer": "<li>The lateral border is the surgical neck of the humerus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The surgical neck of the humerus is like the fence keeping the quadrangular space safe!",
        "emoji": "🏡"
    },
    {
        "id": 368,
        "topic": "topic90",
        "question": "What forms the medial border of the quadrangular space?",
        "answer": "<li>The medial border is formed by the long head of the triceps.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The long head of the triceps is like a tall tree standing guard on the side of the quadrangular space!",
        "emoji": "🌲"
    },
    {
        "id": 369,
        "topic": "topic90",
        "question": "What is located anteriorly in the quadrangular space?",
        "answer": "<li>The subscapularis and the capsule of the shoulder joint are located anteriorly.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The subscapularis is like the front door of the quadrangular space, welcoming all!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 370,
        "topic": "topic90",
        "question": "What contents can be damaged by a fracture of the neck of the humerus in the quadrangular space?",
        "answer": "<li>The axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "A fracture at the neck of the humerus is like a party crasher ruining the fun for the axillary nerve and its friends!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 371,
        "topic": "topic91",
        "question": "Where is the upper triangular space located?",
        "answer": "<li>It is located anteriorly, medial to the neck of the humerus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The upper triangular space is like a cozy nook right next to the neck of the humerus!",
        "emoji": "🛋️"
    },
    {
        "id": 372,
        "topic": "topic91",
        "question": "What forms the lateral border of the upper triangular space?",
        "answer": "<li>The lateral border is formed by the long head of the triceps.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The long head of the triceps is like a loyal dog guarding the upper triangular space!",
        "emoji": "🐶"
    },
    {
        "id": 373,
        "topic": "topic91",
        "question": "What forms the upper border of the upper triangular space?",
        "answer": "<li>The upper border is formed by the teres minor.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The teres minor is like a little umbrella shading the upper triangular space!",
        "emoji": "☂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 374,
        "topic": "topic91",
        "question": "What forms the lower border of the upper triangular space?",
        "answer": "<li>The lower border is formed by the teres major.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The teres major is like a comfy blanket covering the lower part of the upper triangular space!",
        "emoji": "🛏️"
    },
    {
        "id": 375,
        "topic": "topic91",
        "question": "What is contained within the upper triangular space?",
        "answer": "<li>The circumflex scapular branch of the subscapular artery is contained within.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The circumflex scapular branch is like a secret treasure hidden in the upper triangular space!",
        "emoji": "💎"
    },
    {
        "id": 376,
        "topic": "topic92",
        "question": "What forms the lateral border of the lower triangular space?",
        "answer": "<li>The lateral border is formed by the humerus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The humerus is like a sturdy wall holding up the lower triangular space!",
        "emoji": "🧱"
    },
    {
        "id": 377,
        "topic": "topic92",
        "question": "What forms the medial border of the lower triangular space?",
        "answer": "<li>The medial border is formed by the long head of the triceps.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The long head of the triceps is like a friendly neighbor watching over the lower triangular space!",
        "emoji": "👀"
    },
    {
        "id": 378,
        "topic": "topic92",
        "question": "What forms the superior border of the lower triangular space?",
        "answer": "<li>The superior border is formed by the teres major.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The teres major is like a protective roof over the lower triangular space!",
        "emoji": "🏠"
    },
    {
        "id": 379,
        "topic": "topic92",
        "question": "What contents are found in the lower triangular space?",
        "answer": "<li>The radial nerve and profunda brachii vessels are found in the lower triangular space.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The radial nerve and profunda brachii vessels are like the VIP guests of the lower triangular space party!",
        "emoji": "🎊"
    },
    {
        "id": 380,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "What is the sesamoid bone associated with the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris?",
        "answer": "<li>The pisiform is the sesamoid bone associated with the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The pisiform is like a little pillow for the flexor carpi ulnaris to rest on!",
        "emoji": "🛏️"
    },
    {
        "id": 381,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "How many sesamoid bones are located on the palmar surface of the head of the first metacarpal bone?",
        "answer": "<li>There are two sesamoid bones on the palmar surface of the head of the first metacarpal bone.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Two sesamoid bones are like a pair of shoes for the first metacarpal, always ready to step out!",
        "emoji": "👟"
    },
    {
        "id": 382,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "Where is one sesamoid bone found in relation to the interphalangeal joint of the thumb?",
        "answer": "<li>One sesamoid bone is found in the capsule of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb in 75% of subjects.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The sesamoid bone in the thumb is like a lucky charm, found in most thumbs!",
        "emoji": "🍀"
    },
    {
        "id": 383,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "Where is another sesamoid bone located in relation to the little finger?",
        "answer": "<li>One sesamoid bone is found on the ulnar side of the capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the little finger in 75% of subjects.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The sesamoid bone by the little finger is like a secret handshake, known by many but seen by few!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 384,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "Where is the anatomical snuff box located?",
        "answer": "<li>The anatomical snuff box is a triangular depression on the posterolateral aspect of the wrist joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the snuff box as a fancy wrist accessory—perfect for showing off your \"wrist bling\"!",
        "emoji": "💍"
    },
    {
        "id": 385,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "What are the boundaries of the anatomical snuff box?",
        "answer": "<li>It is bounded medially by the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) and laterally by the tendons of the extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine the snuff box as a VIP area at a club, with EPL as the bouncer and EPB and APL as the cool kids on the guest list!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 386,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "What forms the floor of the anatomical snuff box?",
        "answer": "<li>The floor of the snuff box is formed by the scaphoid and trapezium bones.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The scaphoid and trapezium are like the foundation of a house—without them, the snuff box would just be a pile of bones!",
        "emoji": "🏠"
    },
    {
        "id": 387,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "What are the contents of the anatomical snuff box?",
        "answer": "<li>The contents include the radial artery and the digital branch of the radial nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The snuff box is like a treasure chest—filled with the radial artery and nerve jewels!",
        "emoji": "💎"
    },
    {
        "id": 388,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "What vein is formed in the anatomical snuff box?",
        "answer": "<li>The cephalic vein is formed in the anatomical snuff box.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The cephalic vein is like the \"celebrity\" of veins—always making an entrance in the snuff box!",
        "emoji": "🌟"
    },
    {
        "id": 389,
        "topic": "topic95",
        "question": "Which nerve innervates all muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?",
        "answer": "<li>The musculocutaneous nerve innervates all muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Musculocutaneous sounds like a muscle party—everyone's invited to the anterior compartment!",
        "emoji": "🎊"
    },
    {
        "id": 390,
        "topic": "topic95",
        "question": "Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the forearm, excluding certain muscles?",
        "answer": "<li>The median nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the forearm, except for the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus, which are innervated by the ulnar nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The median nerve is like the popular kid in school, but it has to leave a couple of friends (ulnar nerve) behind!",
        "emoji": "🏫"
    },
    {
        "id": 391,
        "topic": "topic95",
        "question": "What nerve innervates most intrinsic muscles of the hand?",
        "answer": "<li>The ulnar nerve innervates most intrinsic muscles of the hand, except for the thenar muscles and two lateral lumbrical muscles, which are innervated by the median nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar nerve is like the hand's personal trainer, but it lets the median nerve take care of the \"thumb wrestlers\"!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 392,
        "topic": "topic95",
        "question": "Which nerve innervates all muscles in the posterior compartments of the arm and forearm?",
        "answer": "<li>The radial nerve innervates all muscles in the posterior compartments of the arm and forearm.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The radial nerve is like the rear guard in a battle—always covering the back!",
        "emoji": "🛡️"
    },
    {
        "id": 393,
        "topic": "topic96",
        "question": "Which nerve and artery pass to the deltoid region immediately posterior to the surgical neck of the humerus?",
        "answer": "<li>The axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery pass to the deltoid region immediately posterior to the surgical neck.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The axillary nerve and artery are like the delivery team bringing supplies to the deltoid party!",
        "emoji": "📦"
    },
    {
        "id": 394,
        "topic": "topic96",
        "question": "Why is the surgical neck of the humerus considered a weak point?",
        "answer": "<li>The surgical neck is considered a weak point because it is the most common site of proximal humerus fractures.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The surgical neck is like a fragile bridge—easy to break if you’re not careful!",
        "emoji": "🌉"
    },
    {
        "id": 395,
        "topic": "topic96",
        "question": "What happens to the deltoid muscle when the axillary nerve is severely damaged?",
        "answer": "<li>The deltoid muscle atrophies, leading to a disappearance of the rounded contour of the shoulder and a flattened appearance.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "When the deltoid gets sad (atrophies), it loses its \"shoulder swagger\" and flattens out!",
        "emoji": "😢"
    },
    {
        "id": 396,
        "topic": "topic97",
        "question": "Which nerve is associated with the surgical neck of the humerus?",
        "answer": "<li>The axillary nerve is associated with the surgical neck of the humerus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The axillary nerve is like the shoulder's best friend—always hanging around the surgical neck!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 397,
        "topic": "topic97",
        "question": "Which nerve runs along the radial groove?",
        "answer": "<li>The radial nerve runs along the radial groove.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The radial nerve is like a smooth operator, cruising along the radial groove!",
        "emoji": "🚗"
    },
    {
        "id": 398,
        "topic": "topic97",
        "question": "Which nerve is associated with the distal end of the humerus?",
        "answer": "<li>The median nerve is associated with the distal end of the humerus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The median nerve is like the middle child—always in the middle of the action at the distal end!",
        "emoji": "👶"
    },
    {
        "id": 399,
        "topic": "topic97",
        "question": "Which nerve is related to the medial epicondyle?",
        "answer": "<li>The ulnar nerve is related to the medial epicondyle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The ulnar nerve is like the \"medial\" friend—always hanging out at the epicondyle!",
        "emoji": "👫"
    },
    {
        "id": 400,
        "topic": "topic97",
        "question": "What is the joint that is usually not affected by neuropathy?",
        "answer": "<li>The wrist joint is usually not affected by neuropathy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The wrist joint is like the \"tough cookie\" of joints—resilient and hard to crack under pressure!",
        "emoji": "🍪"
    },
    {
        "id": 401,
        "topic": "topic97",
        "question": "What primarily maintains the shoulder joint?",
        "answer": "<li>The shoulder joint is chiefly maintained by muscles.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The shoulder joint is like a well-rehearsed dance team—muscles keep it moving smoothly!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 402,
        "topic": "topic98",
        "question": "What is the most important feature of the human hand?",
        "answer": "<li>The opposition of the thumb and precision grip.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of a thumb wrestling champion—without opposition, they’d just be a thumb in a fight!",
        "emoji": "🥇"
    },
    {
        "id": 403,
        "topic": "topic98",
        "question": "What is the only point of bony contact between the upper limb and the chest?",
        "answer": "<li>The sternoclavicular joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The sternoclavicular joint is like the handshake between the arm and the body—no handshake, no connection!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 404,
        "topic": "topic98",
        "question": "What is the most important digit of the hand?",
        "answer": "<li>The thumb.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Without the thumb, we’d all be just “fingers” in a crowd!",
        "emoji": "👍"
    },
    {
        "id": 405,
        "topic": "topic98",
        "question": "What is the strongest ligament of the upper limb?",
        "answer": "<li>The coracoacromial ligament.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the coracoacromial ligament as the bodybuilder of ligaments—strong and supportive!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 406,
        "topic": "topic98",
        "question": "What is the thickest border of the scapula?",
        "answer": "<li>The lateral border.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The lateral border is like the bouncer at a club—thick and tough!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 407,
        "topic": "topic98",
        "question": "What is the largest carpal bone?",
        "answer": "<li>The capitate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The capitate is the “big cheese” of carpal bones—always at the center of attention!",
        "emoji": "🧀"
    },
    {
        "id": 408,
        "topic": "topic99",
        "question": "What are Rotter's lymph nodes?",
        "answer": "<li>Interpectoral lymph nodes.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Rotter's lymph nodes are like the secret agents of the lymphatic system—always interjecting!",
        "emoji": "🕵️"
    },
    {
        "id": 409,
        "topic": "topic99",
        "question": "Which muscle suspends the pectoral girdle from the cranium?",
        "answer": "<li>The trapezius.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The trapezius is like a strong cable holding up a suspension bridge—keeping everything in place!",
        "emoji": "🌉"
    },
    {
        "id": 410,
        "topic": "topic99",
        "question": "What is the widest muscle on the back of the body?",
        "answer": "<li>The latissimus dorsi.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The latissimus dorsi is like a wide-brimmed hat—covering a lot of ground!",
        "emoji": "🎩"
    },
    {
        "id": 411,
        "topic": "topic99",
        "question": "Which muscles are referred to as climbing muscles?",
        "answer": "<li>The latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of them as the “mountain goats” of muscles—always ready to climb!",
        "emoji": "🐐"
    },
    {
        "id": 412,
        "topic": "topic100",
        "question": "Which rotator cuff muscle is not a rotator of the humerus?",
        "answer": "<li>The supraspinatus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The supraspinatus is like the odd one out at a party—just hanging around without rotating!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 413,
        "topic": "topic100",
        "question": "What is the tendon most commonly torn in a rotator cuff injury?",
        "answer": "<li>The tendon of the supraspinatus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The supraspinatus tendon is like a rubber band that’s been stretched too far—snap!",
        "emoji": "🏷️"
    },
    {
        "id": 414,
        "topic": "topic100",
        "question": "What is the primary articulation of the shoulder girdle?",
        "answer": "<li>The glenohumeral joint.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The glenohumeral joint is the “glen” where the shoulder parties happen!",
        "emoji": "🎊"
    },
    {
        "id": 415,
        "topic": "topic100",
        "question": "What is known as the guardian of the shoulder joint?",
        "answer": "<li>The rotator cuff.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The rotator cuff is like a security guard for your shoulder—keeping everything in check!",
        "emoji": "🛡️"
    },
    {
        "id": 416,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "What is the most prominent superficial vein in the body?",
        "answer": "<li>The median cubital vein.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The median cubital vein is like the celebrity of veins—always in the spotlight!",
        "emoji": "🌟"
    },
    {
        "id": 417,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "What is the most preferred vein for cardiac catheterization?",
        "answer": "<li>The basilic vein.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The basilic vein is like the VIP entrance for cardiac procedures—always preferred!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 418,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "What is the longest superficial vein of the upper limb?",
        "answer": "<li>The cephalic vein.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The cephalic vein is like the marathon runner of veins—long and steady!",
        "emoji": "🏃"
    },
    {
        "id": 419,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "Which forearm flexor does not lie on the front of the forearm?",
        "answer": "<li>The brachioradialis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The brachioradialis is like the rebel of forearm flexors—always hanging out in the back!",
        "emoji": "😎"
    },
    {
        "id": 420,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "What is the most powerful and bulky muscle on the front of the forearm?",
        "answer": "<li>The flexor digitorum profundus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The flexor digitorum profundus is like the heavyweight champion of forearm muscles—bulky and strong!",
        "emoji": "🏆"
    },
    {
        "id": 421,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "What is the deepest muscle on the front of the forearm?",
        "answer": "<li>The pronator quadratus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The pronator quadratus is like the secret agent of forearm muscles—always deep undercover!",
        "emoji": "🕶️"
    },
    {
        "id": 422,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "What is the deepest artery on the front of the forearm?",
        "answer": "<li>The anterior interosseous artery.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The anterior interosseous artery is like the ninja of arteries—always lurking deep!",
        "emoji": "🥷"
    },
    {
        "id": 423,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "What is the principal nerve of the front of the forearm?",
        "answer": "<li>The median nerve.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The median nerve is like the conductor of an orchestra—keeping everything in harmony!",
        "emoji": "🎼"
    },
    {
        "id": 424,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "What is the Lister tubercle?",
        "answer": "<li>The dorsal tubercle of the radius.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Lister tubercle is like a little mountain on the radius—standing out proudly!",
        "emoji": "⛰️"
    },
    {
        "id": 425,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "Which muscles on the back of the forearm are not extensors?",
        "answer": "<li>The brachioradialis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The brachioradialis is like the lone wolf of the back forearm muscles—doing its own thing!",
        "emoji": "🐺"
    },
    {
        "id": 426,
        "topic": "topic102",
        "question": "What is cricketer's finger or baseball finger?",
        "answer": "<li>A flexion deformity of the finger.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cricketer's finger is like a finger that forgot how to straighten up after a game!",
        "emoji": "⚾"
    },
    {
        "id": 427,
        "topic": "topic102",
        "question": "What muscle is referred to as the muscle of weight lifting?",
        "answer": "<li>The diaphragm.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The diaphragm is like the unsung hero of weight lifting—lifting your lungs while you lift weights!",
        "emoji": "🏋️"
    }
];

const topics = {
    "topic1": "1. Brachial Plexus Overview",
    "topic2": "2. Cords of the Brachial Plexus",
    "topic3": "3. Branches of the Lateral Cord",
    "topic4": "4. Branches of the Medial Cord",
    "topic5": "5. Branches of the Posterior Cord",
    "topic6": "6. Branches of the Roots",
    "topic7": "7. Branches of the Trunks",
    "topic8": "8. Paralysis and Nerve Function",
    "topic9": "9. Brachial Plexus Branches",
    "topic10": "10. Erb's Paralysis",
    "topic11": "11. Klumpke's Paralysis",
    "topic12": "12. Long Thoracic Nerve",
    "topic13": "13. Radial Nerve",
    "topic14": "14. Branches of Radial Nerve Above Elbow",
    "topic15": "15. Type of Radial Nerve Lesion",
    "topic16": "16. Additional Notes on Radial Nerve",
    "topic17": "17. Sensory Branches of Radial Nerve",
    "topic18": "18. Radial Sensory Nerve Entrapment (Wartenberg's Disease)",
    "topic19": "19. Ulnar Nerve (Musician's Nerve)",
    "topic20": "20. Ulnar Nerve Branches",
    "topic21": "21. Sensory and Motor Supply of the Ulnar Nerve",
    "topic22": "22. Tests to Detect Ulnar Palsy",
    "topic23": "23. Ulnar Nerve Injuries",
    "topic24": "24. Ulnar Nerve Pathway",
    "topic25": "25. Median Nerve Overview",
    "topic26": "26. Sensory Supply of Median Nerve",
    "topic27": "27. Motor Supply of Median Nerve",
    "topic28": "28. Injuries to Median Nerve",
    "topic29": "29. Common Injuries and Tests",
    "topic30": "30. Tests for Median Nerve Lesion",
    "topic31": "31. Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand",
    "topic32": "32. Extrinsic Muscles of the Hand",
    "topic33": "33. Innervation and Function of Hand Muscles",
    "topic34": "34. Thenar and Hypothenar Muscles",
    "topic35": "35. Flexors of the Forearm",
    "topic36": "36. Innervation of Intrinsic Muscles",
    "topic37": "37. Muscles of the Hand",
    "topic38": "38. Muscles of the Forearm",
    "topic39": "39. Deep Layer of Muscles in the Posterior Compartment of the Forearm",
    "topic40": "40. Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Arm",
    "topic41": "41. Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Arm",
    "topic42": "42. Movements at the Shoulder Joint (Glenohumeral Joint)",
    "topic43": "43. Cutaneous Innervation of Hand, Forearm & Arm",
    "topic44": "44. Shoulder Muscles and Movements",
    "topic45": "45. Anatomy of the Scapula",
    "topic46": "46. Anastomosis Around the Scapula",
    "topic47": "47. Carpal Bones",
    "topic48": "48. Metacarpals",
    "topic49": "49. Muscles and Nerves",
    "topic50": "50. Humerus Anatomy",
    "topic51": "51. Metacarpal Anatomy",
    "topic52": "52. Clavicle Facts",
    "topic53": "53. Humeral Torsion and Nerve Relations",
    "topic54": "54. Intrinsic Muscles of the Palm",
    "topic55": "55. Dawbarn's Sign and Bursitis",
    "topic56": "56. Popeye Sign",
    "topic57": "57. Nerve Innervations of Shoulder Muscles",
    "topic58": "58. Triangles of the Back",
    "topic59": "59. Cubital Fossa Boundaries",
    "topic60": "60. Rotator Cuff and Related Injuries",
    "topic61": "61. Common Injuries and Conditions",
    "topic62": "62. Cubital Fossa Contents",
    "topic63": "63. Muscles of Writing",
    "topic64": "64. Veins Without Valves",
    "topic65": "65. Rotator Cuff Impingement Syndrome",
    "topic66": "66. Radial Bursa",
    "topic67": "67. Ulnar Bursa",
    "topic68": "68. Horseshoe Infection",
    "topic69": "69. Dorsal Subcutaneous Space",
    "topic70": "70. Superficial Palmar Arch",
    "topic71": "71. Deep Palmar Arch",
    "topic72": "72. Dorsal Carpal Arch",
    "topic73": "73. Thenar and Midpalmar Spaces",
    "topic74": "74. Space of Parona Compression",
    "topic75": "75. Coracobrachialis Syndrome",
    "topic76": "76. Supinator Channel Syndrome",
    "topic77": "77. Arcade of Frohns",
    "topic78": "78. Supracondylar Syndrome",
    "topic79": "79. Pronator Teres Syndrome",
    "topic80": "80. Martin-Gruber Anastomosis",
    "topic81": "81. Distal Phalanx Fracture",
    "topic82": "82. Arteries and Their Branches",
    "topic83": "83. Origins of Various Arteries",
    "topic84": "84. Formation of the Axilla",
    "topic85": "85. Axillary Artery",
    "topic86": "86. Ligament of Struther",
    "topic87": "87. Lymphatics Absence",
    "topic88": "88. Clavipectoral Fascia",
    "topic89": "89. Axillary Fascia and Clavipectoral Fascia",
    "topic90": "90. Quadrangular Space",
    "topic91": "91. Upper Triangular Space",
    "topic92": "92. Lower Triangular Space",
    "topic93": "93. Sesamoid Bones of the Upper Limb",
    "topic94": "94. Anatomical Relations of the Upper Limb",
    "topic95": "95. Innervation of the Upper Limb",
    "topic96": "96. Surgical Neck of Humerus",
    "topic97": "97. Important Relations of the Upper Limb",
    "topic98": "98. Important Features of the Human Hand and Upper Limb",
    "topic99": "99. Lymph Nodes and Muscles",
    "topic100": "100. Rotator Cuff and Shoulder Joint",
    "topic101": "101. Veins and Forearm Muscles",
    "topic102": "102. Miscellaneous"
};












let filteredTopics = [];
let filterStage = null;
let reviewStages = {};
let completedFlashcards = [];
let currentDate = new Date();
const reviewStageColors = { 0: 'red', 1: 'pink', 2: 'blue', 3: 'green' };
let db;
let isStarFilterActive = false;
let isStarReadyFilterActive = false;
let currentFlashcardIndex = 0;
let isHorizontal = false;
let starMarked = {};

function toggleStar(starElement, flashcardId) {
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function showFlashcard(index) {
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function renderInitialFlashcards() {
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function loadRestOfFlashcardsInBackground() {
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       }
        applyReviewMetrics();
        updatePendingCounts();

        if (isHorizontal) {
             showFlashcard(currentFlashcardIndex);
         }
        attachBookmarkListeners();
     }


function showAllTopics() {
    const showMoreBtn = document.getElementById('showMoreBtn');
    const topicsLine = showMoreBtn.parentElement;
    const allTopicsText = filteredTopics.map(topic => topics[topic] || 'All Topics').join(', ');
    topicsLine.innerHTML = `<strong style="color: black;">Topics selected:</strong>  ${allTopicsText} <button id="hideMoreBtn" onclick="hideAllTopics()">Hide</button>`;
}

function hideAllTopics() {
    const hideMoreBtn = document.getElementById('hideMoreBtn');
    const topicsLine = hideMoreBtn.parentElement;
    const selectedTopicsText = filteredTopics.slice(0, 2).map(topic => topics[topic] || 'All Topics').join(', ') +
          (filteredTopics.length > 2 ? ', <button id="showMoreBtn" onclick="showAllTopics()">More</button>' : '');
    topicsLine.innerHTML = `<strong style="color: black;">Topics selected:</strong>  ${selectedTopicsText}`;
}



function showStarredFlashcards() {
    // Set the filter for starred flashcards to active and reset others
    isStarFilterActive = true;
    isStarReadyFilterActive = false; // Disable "Ready for Review" filter
    filterStage = null; // Reset the review stage filter

    renderFlashcards(); // Re-render flashcards based on updated filters
    updateStarredCount(); // Update the count of starred flashcards
}



function showStarredReadyFlashcards() {
    // Set the filter for starred and ready-to-review flashcards to active and reset others
    isStarReadyFilterActive = true;
    isStarFilterActive = false; // Disable the "Starred" filter
    filterStage = null; // Reset the review stage filter

    renderFlashcards(); // Re-render flashcards based on updated filters
    updateStarredCount(); // Update the count of starred ready-to-review flashcards
}



function attachBookmarkListeners() {
    const bookmarks = document.querySelectorAll('.bookmark');
    bookmarks.forEach(bookmark => {
        bookmark.addEventListener('click', (event) => {
            toggleDropdown(event, 'bookmarkDropdown');
        });
    });
}

function filterFlashcards(stage) {
    filterStage = stage;
    isStarFilterActive = false;
    isStarReadyFilterActive = false;
    currentFlashcardIndex = 0;
    renderFlashcards();
}

function showAllFlashcards() {
    if (filteredTopics.length === 0) {
        const topicSelect = document.getElementById('topic-filter');
        const selectedOptions = Array.from(topicSelect.selectedOptions);
        filteredTopics = selectedOptions.map(option => option.value).filter(value => value !== 'all');
    }
    filterStage = null;
    isStarFilterActive = false;
    isStarReadyFilterActive = false;
    currentFlashcardIndex = 0;
    renderFlashcards();
}

function applyReviewMetrics() {
    document.querySelectorAll('.modern-card').forEach(card => {
        const flashcardId = parseInt(card.dataset.flashcardId);
        const reviewMetric = card.querySelector('.review-metric');
        const bookmark = card.querySelector('.bookmark');
        const knowButton = card.querySelector('.know-btn');

        if (reviewStages[flashcardId]) {
            const { reviewStage, dueDate } = reviewStages[flashcardId];
            reviewMetric.dataset.reviewStage = reviewStage;
            reviewMetric.dataset.dueDate = dueDate;

            const timeRemaining = (new Date(dueDate).getTime() - currentDate.getTime()) / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24);

            if (reviewStage === 4) {
                reviewMetric.textContent = '🏆 Final Review: Completed';
                reviewMetric.style.color = 'gold';
                bookmark.style.color = 'gold';
                card.style.borderColor = 'gold';
                knowButton.disabled = true;
                knowButton.style.backgroundColor = 'gray';
            } else if (timeRemaining <= 0) {
                reviewMetric.textContent = '🔔 Ready for Review';
                reviewMetric.style.color = '#388e3c';
                knowButton.disabled = false;
                knowButton.style.backgroundColor = '#388e3c';
                bookmark.style.color = reviewStageColors[reviewStage];
                card.style.borderColor = reviewStageColors[reviewStage];
            } else {
                const stageColor = reviewStageColors[reviewStage];
                reviewMetric.textContent = `${getReviewText(reviewStage, dueDate)}`;
                reviewMetric.style.color = stageColor;
                bookmark.style.color = stageColor;
                card.style.borderColor = stageColor;
                knowButton.disabled = true;
                knowButton.style.backgroundColor = 'gray';
            }
        } else {
            bookmark.style.color = '';
            card.style.borderColor = '';
            reviewMetric.textContent = '';
        }
    });
}


  function handleReviewClick(flashcardId, isKnow) {
    const flashcard = document.querySelector(`[data-flashcard-id="${flashcardId}"]`);
    const answer = flashcard.querySelector('.answer');
        answer.style.display = 'block';


    let reviewStage = reviewStages[flashcardId]?.reviewStage || 0;
    const dueDate = new Date(currentDate);
          const revealedTimestamp = new Date().toISOString();
        const isStarred = starMarked[flashcardId] || false;

         if (isKnow) {
        reviewStage = getNextStage(reviewStage, dueDate); // Move to next stage
    } else {
        reviewStage = 0;
            dueDate.setDate(dueDate.getDate() + 3); // Set the review in 3 days
        }
        reviewStages[flashcardId] = { reviewStage, dueDate: dueDate.toISOString(), revealedTimestamp };
         saveProgress(flashcardId, reviewStage, dueDate.toISOString(), revealedTimestamp, isStarred); // Save starred state with review metrics

          applyReviewMetrics();
        updatePendingCounts();
        updateTopicProgress();
       }


function getNextStage(reviewStage, dueDate) {
    if (reviewStage === 0) {
        dueDate.setDate(dueDate.getDate() + 7);
        return 1;
    } else if (reviewStage === 1) {
        dueDate.setDate(dueDate.getDate() + 14);
        return 2;
    } else if (reviewStage === 2) {
        dueDate.setDate(dueDate.getDate() + 28);
        return 3;
    }
    return 4;
}

function getReviewText(reviewStage, dueDate) {
    const timeRemaining = (new Date(dueDate) - currentDate) / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24);
    return `${["First Review", "Second Review", "Third Review", "Final Review"][reviewStage]} in ${Math.ceil(timeRemaining)} days`;
}

function getReviewStageLabel(stage) {
    const labels = ["First Review", "Second Review", "Third Review", "Final Review"];
    return labels[stage] || " 🏆 Completed Flashcards List";
}

function updatePendingCounts() {
    const counts = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
    flashcards.forEach(flashcard => {
        const flashcardData = reviewStages[flashcard.id];
        if (flashcardData) {
            if (flashcardData.reviewStage < 4 && new Date(flashcardData.dueDate) <= currentDate) {
                counts[flashcardData.reviewStage]++;
            } else if (flashcardData.reviewStage === 4) {
                counts[4]++;
            }
        }
    });
    counts.forEach((count, index) => {
        if (index < 4) {
            document.getElementById(`count-stage-${index}`).textContent = `${count} pending`;
        } else {
            document.getElementById('count-completed').textContent = `${count} completed`;
        }
    });
}

function simulateDateTimeChange() {
    const dateInput = document.getElementById('current-date').value;
    const timeInput = document.getElementById('current-time').value;

    if (dateInput && timeInput) {
        currentDate = new Date(`${dateInput}T${timeInput}:00`);
    } else {
        currentDate = new Date();
    }
    refreshFlashcards();
}

function refreshFlashcards() {
    applyReviewMetrics();
    updatePendingCounts();
}

function applyCurrentFilters() {
    if (filterStage !== null) {
        filterFlashcards(filterStage);
    } else {
        renderFlashcards();
    }

    if (isHorizontal) {
        currentFlashcardIndex = 0;
        showFlashcard(currentFlashcardIndex);
    }
}


// Handle inactive "Know" button click to show dropdown
function handleInactiveKnowClick(event) {
    if (event.target.disabled) {
        toggleDropdownBelowButton(event, 'inactiveKnowDropdown');
    }
}

// Function to toggle dropdown visibility below the button
function toggleDropdownBelowButton(event, dropdownId) {
    event.stopPropagation();

    const dropdown = document.getElementById(dropdownId);
    const isVisible = dropdown.style.display === "block";

    if (isVisible) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
        return;
    }

    const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('.dropdown');
    dropdowns.forEach(d => {
        d.style.display = 'none';
    });

    dropdown.style.display = "block";
    dropdown.style.position = "absolute";

    const rect = event.target.getBoundingClientRect();
    dropdown.style.top = `${rect.bottom + window.scrollY}px`;
    dropdown.style.left = "50%";
    dropdown.style.transform = "translateX(-50%)";
    dropdown.style.maxWidth = "90vw";
}

// Close dropdown when clicking outside of it
window.addEventListener('click', function (event) {
    const dropdown = document.getElementById('inactiveKnowDropdown');
    if (dropdown && dropdown.style.display === "block" && !dropdown.contains(event.target)) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
    }
});

// Optional: Close dropdown function for specific dropdowns
function closeDropdown(dropdownId) {
    const dropdown = document.getElementById(dropdownId);
    if (dropdown) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
    }
}


function updateStarredCount() {

    const totalStarredCount = flashcards.filter(flashcard => starMarked[flashcard.id]).length;
    const totalStarredReadyCount = flashcards.filter(flashcard => {
          const reviewStageData = reviewStages[flashcard.id];
          const isDue = reviewStageData && new Date(reviewStageData.dueDate) <= currentDate;
        return starMarked[flashcard.id] && isDue;
        }).length;
        const count = flashcards.filter(flashcard => {
             const isTopicMatch = filteredTopics.length === 0 || filteredTopics.includes(flashcard.topic);
             return isTopicMatch && starMarked[flashcard.id]
         }).length;

        const countReady = flashcards.filter(flashcard => {
             const isTopicMatch = filteredTopics.length === 0 || filteredTopics.includes(flashcard.topic);
                const reviewStageData = reviewStages[flashcard.id];
                const isDue = reviewStageData && new Date(reviewStageData.dueDate) <= currentDate;
                return isTopicMatch &&  starMarked[flashcard.id] && isDue;
           }).length;
    const starFilterBtn = document.querySelector('.filter-btn[onclick="showStarredFlashcards()"]');
    if (starFilterBtn) {
        starFilterBtn.innerHTML = `Starred Flashcards <br> ⭐  <span id="count-starred" class="badge">${totalStarredCount} marked</span>`;
    }
    const starReadyFilterBtn = document.querySelector('.filter-btn[onclick="showStarredReadyFlashcards()"]');
    if (starReadyFilterBtn) {
        starReadyFilterBtn.innerHTML = ` Starred Ready for Review <br> 🌟 <span id="count-starred-ready" class="badge">${totalStarredReadyCount} pending</span>`
      }
}


function attachBookmarkListeners() {
    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.modern-card');
       cards.forEach(card =>{
         card.addEventListener('click', function(event){
            const bookmark = event.target.closest('.bookmark');
             if(bookmark){
                toggleDropdown1(event, 'bookmarkDropdown1')
              }

        });
    });

}


// Toggle dropdown near the clicked bookmark icon, centered horizontally in the viewport
function toggleDropdown1(event, dropdownId) {
    event.stopPropagation();

    const dropdown = document.getElementById(dropdownId);
  const computedStyle = window.getComputedStyle(dropdown);
    const isVisible = computedStyle.display === "block";


    if (isVisible) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
        return;
    }

    dropdown.style.display = "block";
    dropdown.style.position = "absolute";

    const rect = event.target.getBoundingClientRect();

    dropdown.style.top = `${rect.bottom + window.scrollY}px`;
    dropdown.style.left = "50%";
    dropdown.style.transform = "translateX(-50%)";
    dropdown.style.maxWidth = "90vw";
}


// Close dropdown when clicking outside of it
window.addEventListener('click', function (event) {
    const dropdown = document.getElementById('bookmarkDropdown1');
   const bookmark = event.target.closest('.bookmark');
   if (dropdown && dropdown.style.display === "block" && !bookmark && !dropdown.contains(event.target)) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
    }
});

// Close dropdown manually
function closeDropdown(dropdownId) {
    const dropdown = document.getElementById(dropdownId);
    if (dropdown) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
    }
}


</script>



<script>
// Function to Toggle the Dropdown Below the Button
function toggleDropdownContent(event) {
    event.stopPropagation();  // Prevent immediate closing due to outside click listener

    const dropdown = document.getElementById('dropdownContent');
    const isVisible = dropdown.style.display === "block";

    // Hide dropdown if already visible
    if (isVisible) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
        return;
    }

    // Hide any other open dropdowns
    const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('.dropdown');
    dropdowns.forEach(d => {
        d.style.display = 'none';
    });

       // Show and position dropdown
    dropdown.style.display = "block";
    dropdown.style.position = "absolute";

    const rect = event.target.getBoundingClientRect();

    // Set top position just below the clicked bookmark icon
    dropdown.style.top = `${rect.bottom + window.scrollY}px`;

    // Center horizontally in the viewport, using transform for responsive centering
    dropdown.style.left = "50%";
    dropdown.style.transform = "translateX(-50%)";  // Center align horizontally

    // Optional: Set max width for small screens
    dropdown.style.maxWidth = "90vw";  // Allow dropdown to adjust within viewport
}

// Close dropdown when clicking outside of it
window.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
    const dropdown = document.getElementById('dropdownContent');
    const toggleButton = document.getElementById('toggleButton'); // Assuming the button to open dropdown has ID "toggleButton"

    // Close dropdown if clicked outside of it and not on the toggle button
    if (dropdown && dropdown.style.display === "block" &&
        !dropdown.contains(event.target) &&
        event.target !== toggleButton) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
    }
});

// Function to Close Dropdown Explicitly
function closeDropdown(dropdownId) {
    const dropdown = document.getElementById(dropdownId);
    if (dropdown) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
    }
}


</script>

 <script>
         function openModal(modalId) {
            document.getElementById(modalId).style.display = "block";
        }

        function closeModal(modalId) {
            document.getElementById(modalId).style.display = "none";
        }

         function zoomImage(modalId, zoomFactor) {
             var image = document.getElementById(modalId).querySelector('.modal-content97');
            if (image) {
                var currentWidth = image.clientWidth;
                image.style.width = (currentWidth * zoomFactor) + 'px';
            } else {
                console.error('Zoom image not found for modal:', modalId);
             }
         }


        function openPopup(popupId) {
             document.getElementById(popupId).style.display = "block";
         }

         function closePopup(popupId) {
            document.getElementById(popupId).style.display = "none";
         }

    </script>



<!-- Include the rest of your JavaScript here -->

</body>
</html>