<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Flashcard System with Pagination and Review Tracking</title>
    <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:wght@400;500;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.15.4/css/all.min.css">
    <style>
        /* General Styles */
        body {
            font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
            background-color: #f5f5f5;
            margin: 0;
            padding: 0;
            overflow-x: hidden;
        }
        .container {
            display: flex;
            flex-direction: column;
            align-items: center;
            width: 100%;
            padding: 20px;
            box-sizing: border-box;
        }
        .app-header {
            width: auto;
            background-color: #6200ea;
            padding: 15px 20px;
            box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
            color: white;
            font-size: 24px;
            font-weight: 500;
            text-align: center;
        }
        .log-container {
            margin-top: 20px;
            width: 100%;
            max-width: 600px;
            background-color: #ffffff;
            border-radius: 8px;
            box-shadow: 0px 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
            padding: 15px;
            overflow-y: auto;
            max-height: 200px;
        }
        .log {
            font-size: 14px;
            color: #333;
            line-height: 1.5;
        }
    </style>

    <style>
/* General Styles */
body {
    font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
    background-color: #f5f5f5;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    overflow-x: hidden; /* Prevent horizontal scrolling */
}

.container {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    width: 100%;
    padding: 20px;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}



.date-changer {
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    font-size: 16px;
}

.topic-filter, #layout-select {
    width: 100%;
    font-size: 16px;
    padding: 12px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
    background-color: #ffffff;
    color: #333;
    box-shadow: 0px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    margin-bottom: 10px;
    appearance: none;
    cursor: pointer;
    text-align: left;
}

.filter-container {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 12px;
    padding: 15px;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 300px;
    background-color: #fff;
    border-radius: 12px;
    box-shadow: 0px 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

.filter-btn, .show-all-btn, .apply-btn {
    background-color: #6200ea;
    color: #fff;
    padding: 12px 15px;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 8px;
    cursor: pointer;
    font-size: 16px;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    transition: background-color 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;
    box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}

.filter-btn:hover, .apply-btn:hover {
    background-color: #3700b3;
    box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}

/* Show All Button Distinct Style */
.show-all-btn {
    background-color: #03dac6;
    color: #fff;
}

.show-all-btn:hover {
    background-color: #018786;
}

.badge {
    background-color: #fff;
    color: #6200ea;
    padding: 4px 10px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    font-weight: 500;
    font-size: 14px;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 5px;
    box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.modern-card {
    position: relative;
    background-color: white;
    border-radius: 15px;
    width: 100%; /* Use full width */
    max-width: 800px; /* Full width to avoid scrolling in vertical layout */
    padding: 20px;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    box-shadow: 0px 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
    transition: box-shadow 0.3s;
    border: 2px solid #ddd;
    box-sizing: border-box; /* Ensure padding is contained within the card */
}

.question {
    font-size: 20px;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: #333;
    margin-bottom: 10px;
    padding-right: 30px; /* Space for the bookmark */
}

.answer {
    font-size: 18px;
    color: #333;
    margin-top: 10px;
    padding: 10px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    background-color: #f9f9f9;
    display: none;
}

.buttons {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    margin-top: 20px;
}

.dont-know-btn, .know-btn {
    padding: 10px 20px;
    width: auto;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 5px;
    cursor: pointer;
    color: #fff;
}

.dont-know-btn {
    background-color: #e53935;
}

.know-btn {
    background-color: #388e3c;
}

/* Hover effect for dont-know-btn */
.dont-know-btn:hover {
    background-color: #d32f2f; /* Darker shade of red */
}

/* Hover effect for know-btn */
.know-btn:hover {
    background-color: #2e7d32; /* Darker shade of green */
}


.bookmark {
    position: absolute;
    top: 20px;
    right: 20px;
    font-size: 18px;
    color: #ddd;
    cursor: default;
    transition: color 0.3s;
}

.review-metric {
    text-align: center;
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: #555;
    margin-top: 15px;
}

.filter-info {
    background-color: #e3f2fd;
    color: #1e88e5;
    padding: 10px 15px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    font-weight: 500;
    font-size: 16px;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    text-align: center;
    width: 95%;
    max-width: 600px;
    box-shadow: 0px 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.topic-header {
    font-size: 24px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: #6200ea;
    margin: 20px 0 10px;
    text-align: center;
    width: 100%;
}






/* Hide extra elements in horizontal layout */
.horizontal-layout .modern-card {
    display: none; /* Only the current flashcard will be displayed in the horizontal layout */
}

.horizontal-layout .navigation-buttons {
    display: flex; /* Show navigation buttons in horizontal layout */
}

.horizontal-layout .flashcard-container {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    width: 110%; /* Use full width */
    max-width: none; /* Adjust max-width if needed for screen fit */
    padding: 0 20px;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

.horizontal-layout .modern-card {
    width: 110%; /* Stretch to fill container */
    max-width: 800px; /* Optional: adjust for full screen width */
}

/* Horizontal layout info box styling */
#horizontal-info {
    display: none; /* Only visible in horizontal layout */
    text-align: center;
    margin: 15px 0;
    padding: 10px;
    background-color: #f0f0f0;
    border-radius: 8px;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
}

#horizontal-topic {
    font-size: 20px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: #6200ea;
    margin-bottom: 5px;
}

#horizontal-position {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: #333;
}


 .navigation-buttons {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center; /* Center buttons on smaller screens */
        gap: 30px;
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 800px; /* Adjust as needed */
    margin: 20px auto;
    padding: 10px 20px;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    margin-bottom: 40px;
}

.navigation-buttons button {
    background-color: #6200ea; /* Primary color */
    color: #ffffff;
    padding: 10px 20px;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 8px;
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 500;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: background-color 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;
    box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}

.navigation-buttons button:disabled {
    background-color: #9e9e9e; /* Gray color when disabled */
    cursor: not-allowed;
    box-shadow: none;
}

.navigation-buttons button:hover:not(:disabled) {
    background-color: #3700b3; /* Darker color on hover */
    box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}


/* Dropdown container styling */
.dropdown {
    display: none; /* Hidden by default */
    position: absolute;
    background-color: #ffffff;
    padding: 10px;
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
    border-radius: 8px;
    box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
    width: 600px;
    z-index: 1000;
}

.dropdown-content {
    color: #333;
    font-size: 16px;
}

.close {
    position: absolute;
    top: 5px;
    right: 10px;
    font-size: 20px;
    cursor: pointer;
}



  /* Ensure flashcards-container stretches fully in vertical layout */
.vertical-layout .flashcard-container {
    width: 100%; /* Use full width in vertical layout */
    max-width: none; /* Remove max-width constraint */
    padding: 0; /* Optional: remove padding if added */
    box-sizing: border-box;
    margin: 0 auto; /* Center align in the container */
}

/* Ensure container and flashcards align correctly in all layouts */
.flashcard-container {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
}

/* Add this class to body or main container when in vertical layout mode */
.vertical-layout .container {
    width: 100%; /* Ensure container width is full */
}



    #toggleButton {
        background-color: #4CAF50; /* Green background */
        border: none;
        color: white; /* White text color */
        padding: 12px 24px; /* Padding for better spacing */
        text-align: center;
        text-decoration: none;
        display: inline-block;
        font-size: 16px; /* Font size */
        cursor: pointer; /* Pointer cursor on hover */
        border-radius: 8px; /* Rounded corners */
        transition: background-color 0.3s ease; /* Smooth transition on hover */
    }

    #toggleButton:hover {
        background-color: #45a049; /* Darker green on hover */
    }

    #toggleButton:focus {
        outline: none; /* Remove outline on focus */
    }

    #toggleButton:active {
        background-color: #388e3c; /* Even darker green when button is clicked */
    }


    .star-btn {
    color: lightgray;
    font-size: 20px;
    margin: 0 10px;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.star-btn.active {
    color: gold;
}

.bookmark {
    cursor: pointer;
    margin-left: auto;
}

/* Emoji styling */
        .emoji {
            font-size: 24px;  /* Larger font size */
            vertical-align: middle;
            display: inline-block;
            animation: slow-bounce 2s infinite;  /* Animation applied */
        }

        /* Slow bounce animation */
        @keyframes slow-bounce {
            0%, 100% {
                transform: translateY(0);
            }
            50% {
                transform: translateY(-5px); /* Small bounce */
            }
        }




    </style>

    <style>
      .header-image, .hr-image {
            width: 50px;
            height: 50px;
            cursor: pointer;
            vertical-align: middle;
            margin-right: 10px;
        }

         /* Modal Styles */
        .modal97 {
            display: none;
            position: fixed;
            z-index: 10;
            left: 0;
            top: 0;
            width: 100%;
            height: 100%;
            overflow: auto;
            background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.9);
        }

        .modal-top-bar97 {
            width: 80%;
            max-width: 700px;
            margin: auto;
            padding: 10px;
            display: flex;
            justify-content: flex-end;
            border-bottom: 5px solid #007bff;
            background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
            z-index: 20;
            position: relative;
        }

        .modal-controls97 {
            display: flex;
            flex-direction: column;
            align-items: flex-end;
        }

        .close97 {
            color: #333;
            font-size: 16px;
            font-weight: bold;
            cursor: pointer;
            margin-bottom: 5px;
        }

        .zoom-buttons97 {
            display: flex;
            gap: 5px;
        }

        .zoom-button97 {
            background-color: #007bff;
            color: white;
            border: none;
            padding: 5px 10px;
            border-radius: 5px;
            font-size: 16px;
            cursor: pointer;
        }

        .zoom-button97:hover {
            background-color: #0056b3;
        }

        .modal-content-wrapper97 {
            position: relative;
            width: 80%;
            max-width: 700px;
            margin: auto;
        }

        .modal-content97 {
            display: block;
            width: 100%;
            height: auto;
            margin: auto;
        }

         .header-image, .hr-image {
            width: 50px;
            height: 50px;
            cursor: pointer;
            vertical-align: middle;
            margin-right: 10px;
        }

        .popup {
            display: none;
            position: fixed;
            z-index: 999;
            left: 0;
            top: 0;
            width: 100%;
            height: 100%;
            background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
        }

        .popup-content {
            position: relative;
            margin: 10% auto;
            width: 80%;
            max-width: 600px;
            background-color: #fff;
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 10px;
            text-align: center;
        }

        .popup-image {
            width: 100%;
            height: auto;
        }

        .close {
            position: absolute;
            top: 1px;
            right: 8px;
            color: #333;
            font-size: 24px;
            font-weight: bold;
            cursor: pointer;
        }

</style>
</head>
<body>

<!-- App Header -->
<div class="app-header">
    <img src="https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/akrass-plus.appspot.com/o/ContentImage%2Fimage_search_1735012996661.jpg?alt=media&token=3ef27804-d6e3-4e1d-beef-62934f342808" alt="Header Image" class="header-image" onclick="openModal('header-popup-97')" />
    MBBS Flashcards Study
</div>

<hr>
<p style="margin-left: 20px;"><b>Chapter</b>: 1. Biochemistry</p>
<p style="margin-left: 20px;"><b>BOOK Reference</b>: FIRST AID for the USMLE STEP 1 - 2024 , <img src="https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/akrass-plus.appspot.com/o/ContentImage%2FIMG_20241224_093648.jpg?alt=media&token=e867e2f3-7487-4ab8-803e-943b16cba5e4" alt="HR Image" class="hr-image" onclick="openModal('hr-popup-97')" />👈                                                                                                              </p>
<p style="margin-left: 20px;"><b>Total Flashcards</b>: 856</p>
<hr>


    <!-- Modal Pop-Up for Header Image -->
    <div id="header-popup-97" class="modal97">
        <div class="modal-top-bar97">
            <div class="modal-controls97">
                <span class="close97" onclick="closeModal('header-popup-97')">Close</span>
                 <div class="zoom-buttons97">
                    <button class="zoom-button97" onclick="zoomImage('header-popup-97', 0.9)">zoom -</button>
                    <button class="zoom-button97" onclick="zoomImage('header-popup-97', 1.1)">+</button>
                </div>
             </div>
        </div>
      <div class="modal-content-wrapper97">
             <img class="modal-content97" src="https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/akrass-plus.appspot.com/o/ContentImage%2Fimage_search_1735012996661.jpg?alt=media&token=3ef27804-d6e3-4e1d-beef-62934f342808" alt="Header Image Full View" class="popup-image" />
         </div>
    </div>

    <!-- Modal Pop-Up for HR Image -->
    <div id="hr-popup-97" class="modal97">
         <div class="modal-top-bar97">
             <div class="modal-controls97">
               <span class="close97" onclick="closeModal('hr-popup-97')">Close</span>
                <div class="zoom-buttons97">
                 <button class="zoom-button97" onclick="zoomImage('hr-popup-97', 0.9)">zoom -</button>
                    <button class="zoom-button97" onclick="zoomImage('hr-popup-97', 1.1)">+</button>
                 </div>
            </div>
         </div>
      <div class="modal-content-wrapper97">
            <img class="modal-content97" src="https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/akrass-plus.appspot.com/o/ContentImage%2FIMG_20241224_093648.jpg?alt=media&token=e867e2f3-7487-4ab8-803e-943b16cba5e4" alt="HR Image Full View" class="popup-image" />
       </div>
   </div>


<!-- Main Container -->
<div class="container">

<button id="toggleButton" onclick="toggleDropdownContent(event)">How to Use the Flashcard System (Step-by-Step - Click Here👈)</button>

<div id="dropdownContent" class="dropdown" style="display: none;">
    <div class="dropdown-content">
        <button class="close" onclick="closeDropdown('dropdownContent')">Close</button>
        <br><h2>How to Use the Flashcard System</h2>

        <ol>
            <li><strong>Select Layout:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>Choose how you want to view flashcards:</li>
                    <li><strong>Horizontal Layout:</strong> One flashcard displayed at a time.</li>
                    <li><strong>Vertical Layout (Default):</strong> Flashcards shown one below another.</li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #007BFF;">

            <li><strong>Select Topics:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>Pick multiple topics you want to study.</li>
                    <li>At the end of each topic, you’ll see:
                        <ul>
                            <li>Total flashcards in that topic.</li>
                            <li>Flashcards you’ve reviewed at least once (e.g., <strong>(2/6)</strong> means 2 out of 6 reviewed).</li>
                        </ul>
                    </li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #28A745;">

            <li><strong>Apply Filter:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>Click <strong>Apply Filter</strong> to display selected topics.</li>
                    <li>All Flashcards of selected topics will appear in your chosen layout (horizontal or vertical).</li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #DC3545;">

            <li><strong>Review Flashcards:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>View the flashcard to read the question and try to recall the answer.</li>
        <li>After attempting to recall, use the buttons:</li>
                    <li>Use the buttons:
                        <ul>
                            <li><strong>Know:</strong> If you know the answer.</li>
                            <li><strong>Don’t Know:</strong> If unsure or don’t know the answer.</li>
                            <li>If you initially clicked "Know" but later feel unsure, click "Don’t Know" to adjust your response.</li>
                        </ul>
                    </li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #FFC107;">

            <li><strong>Review Stages:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>Each reviewed flashcard shows the next review date.</li>
                    <li>Review stages based on time intervals:
                        <ul>
                            <li><strong>First Review:</strong> 3 days after the first read.</li>
                            <li><strong>Second Review:</strong> 7 days after the first review.</li>
                            <li><strong>Third Review:</strong> 14 days after the second review.</li>
                            <li><strong>Final Review:</strong> 28 days after the third review.</li>
                            <li><strong>Completed:</strong> No further reviews needed.</li>
                        </ul>
                    </li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #17A2B8;">

            <li><strong>Pending Review Flashcards:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>Flashcards ready for review are shown in the <strong>Pending Review</strong> section.</li>
                    <li>Pending cards only show from selected topics.</li>
                    <li>To view all pending flashcards from all topics, select and apply <strong>"All Topics"</strong> in the topic section (by default, "All Topics" is applied).</li>
                    <li>When you are inside the Pending Flashcards Review section, to exit this section, click the <strong>"Show All Flashcards"</strong> button. It displays all flashcards (including pending flashcards) from the selected topics.</li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #6C757D;">

            <li><strong>Bookmark Colors:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>Flashcard review stages are visually represented:</li>
                    <li><strong>Red:</strong> First Review.</li>
                    <li><strong>Pink:</strong> Second Review.</li>
                    <li><strong>Blue:</strong> Third Review.</li>
                    <li><strong>Green:</strong> Final Review.</li>
                    <li><strong>Gold:</strong> Completed.</li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #343A40;">

             <li><strong>Star Mark Flashcards:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>Mark very important or difficult flashcards using the <strong>Star Mark</strong> button.</li>
                    <li>These star-marked flashcards are ideal for focused review before exams.</li>
                    <li>Click the <strong>Starred Flashcards</strong> button to filter and view only the star-marked flashcards from the selected topics.</li>
                    <li>When you click <strong>Starred Ready for Review</strong>, it displays all star-marked flashcards that are ready for review, including those in any review stage (First, Second, Third, or Final).</li>
                    <li>This feature ensures you spend your time efficiently by focusing on critical flashcards when time is limited.</li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <br>
            <hr style="border: 1px solid #007BFF;">

            <li><strong>Efficient Learning:</strong>
                <ul>
                    <li>The system ensures:</li>
                    <li><strong>Easy Points Flashcards:</strong> Reviewed in fewer rounds.</li>
                    <li><strong>Moderate/Difficult Points:</strong> Reviewed more frequently in more number of rounds.</li>
                    <li>Saves your time by allocating appropriate focus on difficult flashcards.</li>
                    <li>You can utilize your time efficiently and complete your syllabus within your time schedule.</li>
                </ul>
            </li>


        </ol>
    </div>
</div>

 <br>




     <!-- Dropdown for Layout Selection -->
    <div class="custom-select-container">
        <label for="layout-select"><b>Select Layout:</b></label>
        <select id="layout-select" class="custom-select" onchange="selectLayout(this.value)">
            <option value="vertical">Vertical Layout</option>
            <option value="horizontal">Horizontal Layout</option>
        </select>
    </div>

    <!-- Topic Selection Multi-select -->
    <div class="custom-select-container">
        <label for="topic-filter"><b>Select Multiple Topics & Apply Filter:</b></label>
        <select id="topic-filter" class="topic-filter" multiple>
            <!-- Options will be dynamically populated -->
        </select>
    </div>

    <!-- Apply Filter and Show All Buttons -->
    <button class="apply-btn" onclick="applySelectedTopics()">Apply Selected Topics</button><br>
    <button class="show-all-btn" onclick="showAllFlashcards()">Show All Flashcards</button>

     <div class="filter-container">
        <button class="filter-btn" onclick="filterFlashcards(0)">First Review<br> (Red) <span id="count-stage-0" class="badge">0</span></button>
        <button class="filter-btn" onclick="filterFlashcards(1)">Second Review<br> (Pink) <span id="count-stage-1" class="badge">0</span></button>
        <button class="filter-btn" onclick="filterFlashcards(2)">Third Review<br> (Blue) <span id="count-stage-2" class="badge">0</span></button>
        <button class="filter-btn" onclick="filterFlashcards(3)">Final Review<br> (Green) <span id="count-stage-3" class="badge">0</span></button>
        <button class="filter-btn" id="completed-flashcards-btn" onclick="filterFlashcards(4)">Completed Flashcards<br> 🏆 <span id="count-completed" class="badge">0 completed</span></button>
     </div>
 <div class="filter-container">
    <button class="filter-btn" onclick="showStarredFlashcards()">⭐ Starred Flashcards: <span id="count-starred" class="badge">0 Marked</span>, <span id="count-pending" class="badge">0 Pending</span></button>
    <button class="filter-btn" onclick="showStarredReadyFlashcards()">🌟 Starred Ready Review: <span id="count-starred-ready" class="badge">0 Marked</span>, <span id="count-ready-pending" class="badge">0 Pending</span></button>
</div>


    <div id="filter-info-container"></div> <!-- Filter info container for separate line display -->

<div id="horizontal-info" style="display: none;">
    <div id="horizontal-topic"></div>
    <div id="horizontal-position"></div>
</div>



    <!-- Flashcard Display Area -->
    <div id="flashcards-container" class="flashcard-container">
        <!-- Flashcards will be rendered here dynamically -->
    </div>

    <!-- Navigation for Horizontal Layout -->
    <div class="navigation-buttons" style="display: none;">
        <button id="prev-btn" onclick="navigateFlashcards('prev')" disabled>Previous</button>
        <button id="next-btn" onclick="navigateFlashcards('next')">Next</button>
    </div>
</div>




<!-- Dropdown content that replaces the modal -->
<div id="bookmarkDropdown1" class="dropdown">
    <div class="dropdown-content">
        <!-- Close button -->
        <span class="close" onclick="closeDropdown('bookmarkDropdown1')">×</span>
        <h2>Review Stage Colors</h2>
        <ul>
            <li><span style="color: red;"><i class="fas fa-bookmark"></i></span> First Review</li>
            <li><span style="color: pink;"><i class="fas fa-bookmark"></i></span> Second Review</li>
            <li><span style="color: blue;"><i class="fas fa-bookmark"></i></span> Third Review</li>
            <li><span style="color: green;"><i class="fas fa-bookmark"></i></span> Final Review</li>
            <li><span style="color: gold;"><i class="fas fa-bookmark"></i></span> Completed</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>



<!-- Dropdown for Inactive Know Button Click -->
<div id="inactiveKnowDropdown" class="dropdown">
    <div class="dropdown-content">
        <span class="close" onclick="closeDropdown('inactiveKnowDropdown')">&times;</span>
        <h2>Button Inactive</h2>
        <p>The "Know" button is inactive until the review is ready. Please wait until the next review date.</p>
    </div>
</div>


<script>

 document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
    openDatabase();
    const layoutSelect = document.getElementById('layout-select');
    const initialLayout = layoutSelect.value || 'vertical';
    selectLayout(initialLayout);
});

const dbName = "FlashcardDBFA1";
const storeName = "flashcardProgress";

const flashcards = [
    {
        "id": 1,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "What is the condensed form of DNA that fits into the nucleus called?",
        "answer": "<li>Chromatin.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of chromatin as DNA's way of squeezing into skinny jeans!",
        "emoji": "👖"
    },
    {
        "id": 2,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "How does DNA wrap around histones to form a nucleosome?",
        "answer": "<li>DNA loops twice around a histone octamer.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "DNA is like a dancer doing the twist around a histone octamer!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 3,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "What role does H1 play in chromatin structure?",
        "answer": "<li>H1 binds to the nucleosome and linker DNA, stabilizing the chromatin fiber.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "H1 is like the glue that keeps the chromatin party together!",
        "emoji": "🥳"
    },
    {
        "id": 4,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "What charge do DNA and histones have?",
        "answer": "<li>DNA has a negative charge from phosphate groups, while histones have a positive charge from lysine and arginine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "DNA is like a grumpy cat (negative), while histones are the friendly dog (positive)!",
        "emoji": "🐱"
    },
    {
        "id": 5,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "When does DNA and histone synthesis occur?",
        "answer": "<li>During the S phase of the cell cycle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "S phase is like the DNA and histone's spa day for synthesis!",
        "emoji": "🧖‍♀️"
    },
    {
        "id": 6,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "What type of DNA do mitochondria have?",
        "answer": "<li>Mitochondria have their own circular DNA that does not utilize histones.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Mitochondrial DNA is like a free spirit, going circular without any histone ties!",
        "emoji": "🔄"
    },
    {
        "id": 7,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "What is heterochromatin?",
        "answer": "<li>Heterochromatin is highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive DNA that appears darker on electron microscopy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Heterochromatin is like a secret agent—always hidden and not making any noise!",
        "emoji": "🕵️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 8,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "What are Barr bodies?",
        "answer": "<li>Barr bodies are inactive X chromosomes that may be visible on the periphery of the nucleus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Barr bodies are like the shy kids at the party, hanging out on the edges!",
        "emoji": "👶"
    },
    {
        "id": 9,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "What is euchromatin?",
        "answer": "<li>Euchromatin is less condensed, transcriptionally active DNA that appears lighter on electron microscopy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Euchromatin is the life of the party, always ready to express itself!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 10,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "What does DNA methylation do?",
        "answer": "<li>DNA methylation reversibly changes the expression of a DNA segment without changing its sequence.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "DNA methylation is like a mute button—silencing without changing the channel!",
        "emoji": "🔇"
    },
    {
        "id": 11,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "What is the effect of methylation within gene promoters?",
        "answer": "<li>Methylation typically represses (silences) gene transcription.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Methylation is like putting a sock in the gene's mouth—no talking allowed!",
        "emoji": "🧦"
    },
    {
        "id": 12,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "What is the implication of dysregulated DNA methylation?",
        "answer": "<li>Dysregulated DNA methylation is implicated in fragile X syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Dysregulated methylation is like a messy room—things get out of control!",
        "emoji": "🏚️"
    },
    {
        "id": 13,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "What does histone methylation usually cause?",
        "answer": "<li>Histone methylation usually causes reversible transcriptional suppression.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Histone methylation is like a snooze button—just a little pause on transcription!",
        "emoji": "⏰"
    },
    {
        "id": 14,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "What residues of histones can be methylated?",
        "answer": "<li>Lysine and arginine residues of histones can be methylated.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Lysine and arginine are the party animals of histones, always ready to get methylated!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 15,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "What is the effect of histone acetylation?",
        "answer": "<li>Histone acetylation removes the positive charge, relaxes DNA coiling, and increases transcription.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Histone acetylation is like loosening your belt after a big meal—everything gets more relaxed!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 16,
        "topic": "topic1",
        "question": "How does histone deacetylation affect DNA?",
        "answer": "<li>Histone deacetylation tightens DNA coiling and decreases transcription.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Histone deacetylation is like tightening your belt—everything gets a bit more constricted!",
        "emoji": "🏋️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 17,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "What is a nucleoside?",
        "answer": "<li>A nucleoside is composed of a base and (deoxy)ribose (sugar).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "A nucleoside is like a sandwich—just the filling (base) and the bread (sugar)!",
        "emoji": "🥪"
    },
    {
        "id": 18,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "What is a nucleotide?",
        "answer": "<li>A nucleotide is made up of a base, (deoxy)ribose, and phosphate, linked by a 3′-5′ phosphodiester bond.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Nucleotides are like a three-course meal—base, sugar, and phosphate for dessert!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 19,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "How many rings do purines have?",
        "answer": "<li>Purines (A, G) have 2 rings.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Purines are like double-decker buses—two rings for double the fun!",
        "emoji": "🚌"
    },
    {
        "id": 20,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "How many rings do pyrimidines have?",
        "answer": "<li>Pyrimidines (C, U, T) have 1 ring.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Pyrimidines are like single-layer cakes—just one ring to keep it simple!",
        "emoji": "🎂"
    },
    {
        "id": 21,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "What happens during deamination reactions involving cytosine?",
        "answer": "<li>Cytosine is converted to uracil.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cytosine is like a chameleon, changing into uracil when it feels like it!",
        "emoji": "🦎"
    },
    {
        "id": 22,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "What is the result of deamination of adenine?",
        "answer": "<li>Adenine is converted to hypoxanthine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Adenine is like a magician, disappearing and reappearing as hypoxanthine!",
        "emoji": "🎩"
    },
    {
        "id": 23,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "What does deamination of guanine produce?",
        "answer": "<li>Guanine is converted to xanthine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Guanine is like a transformer, turning into xanthine with a little magic!",
        "emoji": "⚡"
    },
    {
        "id": 24,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "What does 5-methylcytosine convert to upon deamination?",
        "answer": "<li>5-methylcytosine is converted to thymine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "5-methylcytosine is like a secret agent, changing its identity to become thymine!",
        "emoji": "🕶️"
    },
    {
        "id": 25,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "Where is uracil found?",
        "answer": "<li>Uracil is found in RNA, while thymine is found in DNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Uracil is the cool kid in RNA, while thymine is the classic in DNA!",
        "emoji": "📜"
    },
    {
        "id": 26,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "What is the significance of the 5′ end of an incoming nucleotide?",
        "answer": "<li>The 5′ end bears the triphosphate, which is the energy source for the bond.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The 5′ end is like a battery—powering the nucleotide connection!",
        "emoji": "🔋"
    },
    {
        "id": 27,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "What is the mnemonic for remembering purines?",
        "answer": "<li>\"Pure As Gold\" helps remember that purines are adenine and guanine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Purines are like gold coins—valuable and pure!",
        "emoji": "💰"
    },
    {
        "id": 28,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "What is the mnemonic for remembering pyrimidines?",
        "answer": "<li>\"CUT the pyramid\" helps remember that pyrimidines are cytosine, uracil, and thymine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Pyrimidines are like a pyramid scheme—only three members allowed!",
        "emoji": "⛰️"
    },
    {
        "id": 29,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "Which bond is stronger: C-G or A-T?",
        "answer": "<li>The C-G bond (3 hydrogen bonds) is stronger than the A-T bond (2 hydrogen bonds).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "C-G bonds are like super glue—stronger than A-T's sticky tape!",
        "emoji": "🧴"
    },
    {
        "id": 30,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "What effect does increased C-G content have on DNA melting temperature?",
        "answer": "<li>Increased C-G content raises the melting temperature of DNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "More C-G is like adding more layers to a cake—harder to melt!",
        "emoji": "🎂"
    },
    {
        "id": 31,
        "topic": "topic2",
        "question": "What amino acids are necessary for purine synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>Glycine, aspartate, and glutamine are necessary for purine synthesis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cats purr until they GAG—Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamine!",
        "emoji": "🐱"
    },
    {
        "id": 32,
        "topic": "topic3",
        "question": "What are some classes of drugs that interfere with nucleotide synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>Immunosuppressive, antineoplastic, and antibiotic drugs.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of these drugs as the \"ninja assassins\" of nucleotide synthesis, sneaking in to disrupt the process!",
        "emoji": "🥷"
    },
    {
        "id": 33,
        "topic": "topic3",
        "question": "What is the starting molecule for de novo pyrimidine and purine synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>Ribose 5-phosphate (R5P).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Ribose 5-P is like the starter dough for a nucleotide pizza—without it, you can't make the toppings!",
        "emoji": "🍕"
    },
    {
        "id": 34,
        "topic": "topic3",
        "question": "What is the role of PRPP in nucleotide synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>PRPP (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate) is a key precursor in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "PRPP is like the VIP pass to the nucleotide party—everyone needs it to get in!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 35,
        "topic": "topic3",
        "question": "What is the significance of orotic acid in nucleotide metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>Orotic acid is involved in pyrimidine synthesis and its accumulation indicates orotic aciduria.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Orotic acid is like the \"lost guest\" at the nucleotide party—if it's hanging around too long, something's wrong!",
        "emoji": "🥳"
    },
    {
        "id": 36,
        "topic": "topic3",
        "question": "Which enzyme is inhibited by Leflunomide in pyrimidine synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Leflunomide is like a bouncer at the pyrimidine club, kicking out dihydroorotate dehydrogenase!",
        "emoji": "🚷"
    },
    {
        "id": 37,
        "topic": "topic3",
        "question": "What is the mechanism of action of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)?",
        "answer": "<li>It forms 5-F-dUMP, which inhibits thymidylate synthase, reducing dTMP levels.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "5-FU is like a thief stealing thymidylate synthase's lunch money—no dTMP for you!",
        "emoji": "💰"
    },
    {
        "id": 38,
        "topic": "topic3",
        "question": "How does 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) affect purine synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>It inhibits de novo purine synthesis by blocking guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "6-MP is like a traffic cop stopping the flow of purine synthesis—no speeding allowed!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 39,
        "topic": "topic3",
        "question": "What is the role of mycophenolate and ribavirin in purine metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>They inhibit inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, affecting purine synthesis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Mycophenolate and ribavirin are like the \"roadblocks\" on the purine highway—no traffic allowed!",
        "emoji": "🚧"
    },
    {
        "id": 40,
        "topic": "topic3",
        "question": "Which enzyme does Hydroxyurea inhibit in nucleotide synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>Ribonucleotide reductase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hydroxyurea is like a \"reduction\" sale at the nucleotide store—everything is half off!",
        "emoji": "🏷️"
    },
    {
        "id": 41,
        "topic": "topic3",
        "question": "What is the function of Methotrexate (MTX) in nucleotide metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>It inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, affecting dTMP synthesis in humans.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Methotrexate is like a \"folate thief,\" stealing the essential ingredient for dTMP!",
        "emoji": "🏴‍☠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 42,
        "topic": "topic4",
        "question": "What is the consequence of adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>It leads to the accumulation of adenosine and deoxyadenosine, causing severe combined immune deficiency (SCID).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "ADA deficiency is like a \"traffic jam\" in the immune system—everything gets stuck!",
        "emoji": "🚥"
    },
    {
        "id": 43,
        "topic": "topic4",
        "question": "What is Lesch-Nyhan syndrome associated with?",
        "answer": "<li>It is associated with defective purine salvage due to absent HGPRT, leading to excess uric acid production.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is like a \"purine party gone wrong\"—too much uric acid and self-mutilation!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 44,
        "topic": "topic4",
        "question": "What are the classic findings in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Intellectual disability, self-mutilation, aggression, hyperuricemia, gout, dystonia, and macrocytosis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Lesch-Nyhan syndrome symptoms are like a \"bad movie\"—too much drama and not enough happy endings!",
        "emoji": "🎬"
    },
    {
        "id": 45,
        "topic": "topic4",
        "question": "What is the treatment for hyperuricemia in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Allopurinol and febuxostat.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Allopurinol is like a \"uric acid bouncer,\" keeping the excess uric acid from crashing the party!",
        "emoji": "🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 46,
        "topic": "topic5",
        "question": "What does it mean that the genetic code is unambiguous?",
        "answer": "<li>Each codon specifies only one amino acid.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The genetic code is like a \"one-way street\"—each codon knows exactly where to go!",
        "emoji": "🛣️"
    },
    {
        "id": 47,
        "topic": "topic5",
        "question": "What is meant by the degeneracy of the genetic code?",
        "answer": "<li>Most amino acids are coded by multiple codons.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The degeneracy of the genetic code is like a \"buffet\"—many choices for the same dish!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 48,
        "topic": "topic5",
        "question": "What is the wobble hypothesis?",
        "answer": "<li>The first two nucleotides of a codon are essential for anticodon recognition, while the third can vary.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The wobble hypothesis is like a \"dance party\" where everyone can groove differently on the last beat!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 49,
        "topic": "topic5",
        "question": "Are there any exceptions to the genetic code being universal?",
        "answer": "<li>Yes, the genetic code is universal except in mitochondria.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Mitochondria are like the \"rebels\" of the genetic code—doing their own thing!",
        "emoji": "🤘"
    },
    {
        "id": 50,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "In which direction does DNA replication occur?",
        "answer": "<li>DNA replication occurs in the 5′ to 3′ direction.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a race where DNA is always running forward, never backward!",
        "emoji": "🏃‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 51,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What is the nature of DNA replication?",
        "answer": "<li>DNA replication is semiconservative.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like sharing a pizza; you keep half and give half away!",
        "emoji": "🍕"
    },
    {
        "id": 52,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "How does the complexity of DNA replication differ between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?",
        "answer": "<li>DNA replication is more complex in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes, but they share analogous enzymes.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Eukaryotes are like a fancy restaurant, while prokaryotes are a food truck—both serve food, but one has more courses!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 53,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What is the origin of replication?",
        "answer": "<li>The origin of replication is a particular consensus sequence in the genome where DNA replication begins.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as the starting line for a DNA marathon!",
        "emoji": "🏁"
    },
    {
        "id": 54,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "How many origins of replication are found in prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes?",
        "answer": "<li>Prokaryotes have a single origin of replication, while eukaryotes have multiple origins.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Prokaryotes are like a one-lane highway, while eukaryotes have multiple lanes!",
        "emoji": "🛣️"
    },
    {
        "id": 55,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What type of sequences are found in promoters and origins of replication?",
        "answer": "<li>AT-rich sequences, such as TATA box regions, are found in promoters and origins of replication.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "AT-rich sequences are like the \"A-Team\" of DNA—always ready to start the action!",
        "emoji": "🎬"
    },
    {
        "id": 56,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What is a replication fork?",
        "answer": "<li>A replication fork is a Y-shaped region along the DNA template where leading and lagging strands are synthesized.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine a fork in the road where DNA decides which way to go!",
        "emoji": "🍴"
    },
    {
        "id": 57,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?",
        "answer": "<li>Helicase unwinds the DNA template at the replication fork.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Helicase is like a zipper, opening up the DNA to let the replication party begin!",
        "emoji": "🔓"
    },
    {
        "id": 58,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What happens in Bloom syndrome related to helicase?",
        "answer": "<li>Bloom syndrome is associated with a mutation in the BLM gene, which affects helicase function.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Bloom syndrome is like a broken zipper that can't open the DNA properly!",
        "emoji": "🧵"
    },
    {
        "id": 59,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What is the function of single-stranded binding proteins?",
        "answer": "<li>Single-stranded binding proteins prevent strands from reannealing or degradation by nucleases.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of them as bouncers at a club, keeping the DNA strands from getting back together!",
        "emoji": "🚷"
    },
    {
        "id": 60,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What do DNA topoisomerases do?",
        "answer": "<li>DNA topoisomerases create single- or double-stranded breaks in the helix to add or remove supercoils.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Topoisomerases are like hair stylists, untangling the DNA's knots!",
        "emoji": "💇‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 61,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "Which drugs inhibit topoisomerase in eukaryotes?",
        "answer": "<li>Irinotecan and topotecan inhibit topoisomerase I, while etoposide and teniposide inhibit topoisomerase II.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "These drugs are like the \"top\" of the class, always getting in the way of topoisomerase!",
        "emoji": "🎓"
    },
    {
        "id": 62,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "Which drugs inhibit topoisomerase in prokaryotes?",
        "answer": "<li>Fluoroquinolones inhibit topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Fluoroquinolones are like the \"flu\" that makes topoisomerase sick!",
        "emoji": "🤒"
    },
    {
        "id": 63,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What is the role of primase in DNA replication?",
        "answer": "<li>Primase makes RNA primers for DNA polymerase III to initiate replication.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Primase is like the starter pistol at a race, signaling the beginning of replication!",
        "emoji": "🔫"
    },
    {
        "id": 64,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What is the function of DNA polymerase III?",
        "answer": "<li>DNA polymerase III elongates the leading strand and the lagging strand by adding deoxynucleotides to the 3′ end.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "DNA polymerase III is like a construction worker, building the DNA strand brick by brick!",
        "emoji": "🏗️"
    },
    {
        "id": 65,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "How does DNA polymerase III proofread?",
        "answer": "<li>DNA polymerase III proofreads with a 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like having a spell-checker for DNA, catching mistakes before they go to print!",
        "emoji": "🔍"
    },
    {
        "id": 66,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What happens when drugs block DNA replication?",
        "answer": "<li>Drugs that block DNA replication often have a modified 3′ OH, preventing the addition of the next nucleotide, leading to chain termination.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "These drugs are like a traffic jam, stopping the DNA from moving forward!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 67,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What is the function of DNA polymerase I?",
        "answer": "<li>DNA polymerase I degrades the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "DNA polymerase I is like a janitor, cleaning up the RNA mess and replacing it with DNA!",
        "emoji": "🧹"
    },
    {
        "id": 68,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What additional function does DNA polymerase I have compared to DNA polymerase III?",
        "answer": "<li>DNA polymerase I also excises the RNA primer with 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a two-in-one cleaner, scrubbing away the old and putting in the new!",
        "emoji": "🧼"
    },
    {
        "id": 69,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What is the role of DNA ligase?",
        "answer": "<li>DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond within a strand of double-stranded DNA and joins Okazaki fragments.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "DNA ligase is like a glue stick, sticking the DNA pieces together!",
        "emoji": "🥪"
    },
    {
        "id": 70,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "What is telomerase and its function?",
        "answer": "<li>Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase that adds DNA (TTAGGG) to the 3′ ends of chromosomes to avoid loss of genetic material.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Telomerase is like a protective cap on shoelaces, keeping the ends from fraying!",
        "emoji": "👟"
    },
    {
        "id": 71,
        "topic": "topic6",
        "question": "When is telomerase upregulated and downregulated?",
        "answer": "<li>Telomerase is upregulated in progenitor cells and often in cancer, while it is downregulated in aging and progeria.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Telomerase is like a fountain of youth for cells, but it dries up as we age!",
        "emoji": "⏳"
    },
    {
        "id": 72,
        "topic": "topic7",
        "question": "What is nonhomologous end joining?",
        "answer": "<li>Nonhomologous end joining brings together two ends of DNA fragments to repair double-stranded breaks without requiring homology.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a quick fix, slapping two pieces of broken DNA together!",
        "emoji": "🔧"
    },
    {
        "id": 73,
        "topic": "topic7",
        "question": "What can happen during nonhomologous end joining?",
        "answer": "<li>Part of the DNA may be lost or translocated during nonhomologous end joining.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a bad puzzle where pieces get lost or swapped around!",
        "emoji": "🧩"
    },
    {
        "id": 74,
        "topic": "topic7",
        "question": "In which condition may nonhomologous end joining be dysfunctional?",
        "answer": "<li>Nonhomologous end joining may be dysfunctional in ataxia telangiectasia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Ataxia telangiectasia is like a clumsy dancer tripping over their own feet!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 75,
        "topic": "topic7",
        "question": "What is homologous recombination?",
        "answer": "<li>Homologous recombination requires two homologous DNA duplexes to repair a strand from damaged dsDNA using a complementary strand as a template.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a DNA buddy system, helping each other out in times of need!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 76,
        "topic": "topic7",
        "question": "In which cancers is homologous recombination defective?",
        "answer": "<li>Homologous recombination is defective in breast and ovarian cancers with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations and in Fanconi anemia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "BRCA mutations are like a broken safety net for DNA, leading to falls!",
        "emoji": "🕳️"
    },
    {
        "id": 77,
        "topic": "topic7",
        "question": "What is the outcome of homologous recombination?",
        "answer": "<li>Homologous recombination restores duplexes accurately without loss of nucleotides.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a perfect repair job, leaving everything just as it was!",
        "emoji": "🔧"
    },
    {
        "id": 78,
        "topic": "topic7",
        "question": "What is nucleotide excision repair?",
        "answer": "<li>Nucleotide excision repair involves specific endonucleases that remove oligonucleotides containing damaged bases, followed by DNA polymerase and ligase filling and resealing the gap.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a DNA cleanup crew, removing the trash and patching things up!",
        "emoji": "🧹"
    },
    {
        "id": 79,
        "topic": "topic7",
        "question": "When does nucleotide excision repair occur?",
        "answer": "<li>Nucleotide excision repair occurs in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as spring cleaning for DNA, happening before the big party!",
        "emoji": "🌼"
    },
    {
        "id": 80,
        "topic": "topic7",
        "question": "What condition is associated with defective nucleotide excision repair?",
        "answer": "<li>Defective nucleotide excision repair is associated with xeroderma pigmentosum, which presents with dry skin, photosensitivity, and skin cancer.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Xeroderma pigmentosum is like a vampire's worst nightmare—too much sun exposure!",
        "emoji": "🧛‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 81,
        "topic": "topic7",
        "question": "What is base excision repair?",
        "answer": "<li>Base excision repair involves base-specific glycosylase removing an altered base and creating an AP site, followed by AP-endonuclease and AP-lyase removing nucleotides, with DNA polymerase-β filling the gap and DNA ligase sealing it.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Base excision repair is like a detective solving a mystery, finding and replacing the bad guys!",
        "emoji": "🕵️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 82,
        "topic": "topic7",
        "question": "When does base excision repair occur?",
        "answer": "<li>Base excision repair occurs throughout the cell cycle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a 24/7 convenience store for DNA repairs—always open!",
        "emoji": "🏪"
    },
    {
        "id": 83,
        "topic": "topic7",
        "question": "What is mismatch repair?",
        "answer": "<li>Mismatch repair involves removing mismatched nucleotides in the newly synthesized strand and filling and resealing the gap.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Mismatch repair is like a quality control team, ensuring everything is in its right place!",
        "emoji": "✅"
    },
    {
        "id": 84,
        "topic": "topic7",
        "question": "When does mismatch repair predominantly occur?",
        "answer": "<li>Mismatch repair predominantly occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a last-minute check before the big exam, making sure everything is correct!",
        "emoji": "📚"
    },
    {
        "id": 85,
        "topic": "topic7",
        "question": "What condition is associated with defective mismatch repair?",
        "answer": "<li>Defective mismatch repair is associated with Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Lynch syndrome is like a family reunion where everyone has the same bad habit of mismatching!",
        "emoji": "👪"
    },
    {
        "id": 86,
        "topic": "topic8",
        "question": "What is the degree of change in mutations from least to most severe?",
        "answer": "<li>Silent < missense < nonsense < frameshift.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of mutations as a game of \"telephone\" where the message gets worse the more it changes!",
        "emoji": "📞"
    },
    {
        "id": 87,
        "topic": "topic8",
        "question": "What enzymes are responsible for repairing single nucleotide substitutions?",
        "answer": "<li>DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "DNA polymerase and ligase are like the repairmen of the DNA world, fixing the little mistakes!",
        "emoji": "🔧"
    },
    {
        "id": 88,
        "topic": "topic8",
        "question": "What is a transition mutation?",
        "answer": "<li>A transition mutation is a substitution of a purine for a purine (e.g., A to G) or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine (e.g., C to T).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Transitions are like switching seats with a friend who looks just like you!",
        "emoji": "👯"
    },
    {
        "id": 89,
        "topic": "topic8",
        "question": "What is a transversion mutation?",
        "answer": "<li>A transversion mutation is a substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine (e.g., A to T) or a pyrimidine for a purine (e.g., C to G).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Transversions are like switching from a cat to a dog—totally different!",
        "emoji": "🐱➡️🐶"
    },
    {
        "id": 90,
        "topic": "topic8",
        "question": "What is a silent mutation?",
        "answer": "<li>A silent mutation codes for the same (synonymous) amino acid and often involves the 3rd position of the codon.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Silent mutations are like ninjas—no one knows they’re there!",
        "emoji": "🥷"
    },
    {
        "id": 91,
        "topic": "topic8",
        "question": "What is a missense mutation?",
        "answer": "<li>A missense mutation results in a changed amino acid, which is called conservative if the new amino acid has a similar chemical structure.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Missense mutations are like a chef changing one ingredient in a recipe—sometimes it’s still delicious!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 92,
        "topic": "topic8",
        "question": "What is an example of a missense mutation?",
        "answer": "<li>An example of a missense mutation is sickle cell disease, where glutamic acid is substituted with valine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Sickle cell is like a bad hair day for red blood cells—totally changes their shape!",
        "emoji": "💇‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 93,
        "topic": "topic8",
        "question": "What is a nonsense mutation?",
        "answer": "<li>A nonsense mutation results in an early stop codon (UGA, UAA, UAG) and usually generates a nonfunctional protein.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Nonsense mutations are like a movie that ends abruptly—no resolution!",
        "emoji": "🎬❌"
    },
    {
        "id": 94,
        "topic": "topic8",
        "question": "What is a frameshift mutation?",
        "answer": "<li>A frameshift mutation is caused by the deletion or insertion of any number of nucleotides not divisible by 3, leading to misreading of all downstream nucleotides.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Frameshift mutations are like a train going off the tracks—everything gets derailed!",
        "emoji": "🚂💨"
    },
    {
        "id": 95,
        "topic": "topic8",
        "question": "What are some examples of diseases caused by frameshift mutations?",
        "answer": "<li>Examples include Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Tay-Sachs disease, and cystic fibrosis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Frameshift diseases are like a game of Jenga—one wrong move and it all comes crashing down!",
        "emoji": "🏗️"
    },
    {
        "id": 96,
        "topic": "topic8",
        "question": "What is a splice site mutation?",
        "answer": "<li>A splice site mutation results in a retained intron in mRNA, leading to a protein with impaired or altered function.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Splice site mutations are like forgetting to take out the trash—things get messy!",
        "emoji": "🗑️"
    },
    {
        "id": 97,
        "topic": "topic9",
        "question": "What is the lac operon?",
        "answer": "<li>The lac operon is a classic example of a genetic response to an environmental change, specifically in E. coli, where it switches to lactose metabolism when glucose is absent.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The lac operon is like a switch that flips when the lights go out—time to find the lactose!",
        "emoji": "💡"
    },
    {
        "id": 98,
        "topic": "topic9",
        "question": "What happens when glucose is low in relation to the lac operon?",
        "answer": "<li>Low glucose increases adenylate cyclase activity, generating cAMP from ATP, which activates catabolite activator protein (CAP) and promotes transcription.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Low glucose is like a party with no snacks—everyone gets creative with what’s left!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 99,
        "topic": "topic9",
        "question": "What role does high lactose play in the lac operon?",
        "answer": "<li>High lactose unbinds the repressor protein from the repressor/operator site, allowing transcription to occur.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "High lactose is like a VIP pass to the concert—everyone gets in!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 100,
        "topic": "topic10",
        "question": "What are the key components of a eukaryotic gene?",
        "answer": "<li>Key components include the promoter, enhancer, silencer, open reading frame, exons, and introns.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of a eukaryotic gene as a well-organized library—everything has its place!",
        "emoji": "📚"
    },
    {
        "id": 101,
        "topic": "topic10",
        "question": "What is the function of a promoter in gene expression?",
        "answer": "<li>The promoter is the site where RNA polymerase II and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Promoters are like the front door of a house—if it’s locked, no one gets in!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 102,
        "topic": "topic10",
        "question": "What is an enhancer?",
        "answer": "<li>An enhancer is a DNA locus where regulatory proteins (activators) bind to increase the expression of a gene on the same chromosome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Enhancers are like cheerleaders for genes—always boosting their performance!",
        "emoji": "📣"
    },
    {
        "id": 103,
        "topic": "topic10",
        "question": "What is a silencer?",
        "answer": "<li>A silencer is a DNA locus where regulatory proteins (repressors) bind to decrease the expression of a gene on the same chromosome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Silencers are like the “shh” in a library—keeping things quiet!",
        "emoji": "🤫"
    },
    {
        "id": 104,
        "topic": "topic11",
        "question": "What is epigenetics?",
        "answer": "<li>Epigenetics refers to changes made to gene expression that are heritable without a change in the underlying DNA sequence.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Epigenetics is like a family recipe that changes over generations—same ingredients, different flavors!",
        "emoji": "🍰"
    },
    {
        "id": 105,
        "topic": "topic11",
        "question": "What are the primary mechanisms of epigenetic change?",
        "answer": "<li>The primary mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of epigenetic changes as the seasoning that makes the same dish taste different every time!",
        "emoji": "🧂"
    },
    {
        "id": 106,
        "topic": "topic12",
        "question": "What is the initial transcript called in eukaryotic RNA processing?",
        "answer": "<li>The initial transcript is called heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of hnRNA as the \"hodgepodge\" of RNA before it gets a makeover!",
        "emoji": "🎨"
    },
    {
        "id": 107,
        "topic": "topic12",
        "question": "What does hnRNA become after modification?",
        "answer": "<li>hnRNA is modified and becomes mRNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "hnRNA is like a caterpillar that transforms into a beautiful butterfly, mRNA!",
        "emoji": "🦋"
    },
    {
        "id": 108,
        "topic": "topic12",
        "question": "Does poly-A polymerase require a template?",
        "answer": "<li>No, poly-A polymerase does not require a template.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Poly-A polymerase is like a chef who can whip up a dish without a recipe!",
        "emoji": "👩‍🍳"
    },
    {
        "id": 109,
        "topic": "topic12",
        "question": "What is the polyadenylation signal sequence?",
        "answer": "<li>The polyadenylation signal sequence is AAUAAA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "AAUAAA sounds like a sneeze, but it signals the end of RNA!",
        "emoji": "🤧"
    },
    {
        "id": 110,
        "topic": "topic12",
        "question": "What happens if there is a mutation in the polyadenylation signal?",
        "answer": "<li>A mutation in the polyadenylation signal can lead to early degradation prior to translation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "A bad sneeze can ruin a party; a bad signal can ruin RNA's chance to party with proteins!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 111,
        "topic": "topic12",
        "question": "What is the Kozak sequence?",
        "answer": "<li>The Kozak sequence is the initiation site in most eukaryotic mRNA that facilitates the binding of the small subunit of the ribosome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Kozak sequence is like the VIP entrance for ribosomes to start the translation party!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 112,
        "topic": "topic12",
        "question": "What are the consequences of mutations in the Kozak sequence?",
        "answer": "<li>Mutations in the Kozak sequence can impair the initiation of translation, leading to decreased protein synthesis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "A bouncer at the wrong door means no entry; a mutation means no protein party!",
        "emoji": "🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 113,
        "topic": "topic12",
        "question": "What processes occur in the nucleus during RNA processing?",
        "answer": "<li>The processes include capping of the 5′ end, polyadenylation of the 3′ end, and splicing out of introns.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the nucleus as a spa where RNA gets pampered with caps, tails, and a good trim!",
        "emoji": "🧖‍♀️"
    },
    {
        "id": 114,
        "topic": "topic12",
        "question": "What is the capped, tailed, and spliced transcript called?",
        "answer": "<li>The capped, tailed, and spliced transcript is called mRNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "After all that pampering, the RNA is ready to strut its stuff as mRNA!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 115,
        "topic": "topic12",
        "question": "Where is mRNA transported after processing?",
        "answer": "<li>mRNA is transported out of the nucleus to be translated in the cytosol.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "mRNA is like a student graduating and heading out into the world to find a job!",
        "emoji": "🎓"
    },
    {
        "id": 116,
        "topic": "topic12",
        "question": "What occurs at cytoplasmic processing bodies (P-bodies)?",
        "answer": "<li>mRNA quality control occurs at P-bodies, where mRNAs may be degraded or stored for future translation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "P-bodies are like a storage unit for mRNA, keeping the good stuff and tossing the bad!",
        "emoji": "📦"
    },
    {
        "id": 117,
        "topic": "topic13",
        "question": "What does RNA polymerase I synthesize?",
        "answer": "<li>RNA polymerase I makes rRNA, the most common type, and is present only in the nucleolus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "RNA polymerase I is like the factory worker making the most popular product—rRNA!",
        "emoji": "🏭"
    },
    {
        "id": 118,
        "topic": "topic13",
        "question": "What does RNA polymerase II synthesize?",
        "answer": "<li>RNA polymerase II makes mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), and small nuclear RNA (snRNA).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "RNA polymerase II is the multitasker, juggling mRNA, miRNA, and snRNA like a pro!",
        "emoji": "🤹‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 119,
        "topic": "topic13",
        "question": "What does RNA polymerase III synthesize?",
        "answer": "<li>RNA polymerase III makes 5S rRNA and tRNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "RNA polymerase III is like a tiny chef, whipping up the little helpers—5S rRNA and tRNA!",
        "emoji": "👩‍🍳"
    },
    {
        "id": 120,
        "topic": "topic13",
        "question": "Do RNA polymerases have proofreading functions?",
        "answer": "<li>No, RNA polymerases do not have a proofreading function but can initiate chains.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "RNA polymerases are like enthusiastic writers who dive in without editing their first draft!",
        "emoji": "✍️"
    },
    {
        "id": 121,
        "topic": "topic13",
        "question": "What inhibits RNA polymerase II?",
        "answer": "<li>α-amanitin, found in Amanita phalloides (death cap mushrooms), inhibits RNA polymerase II.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "α-amanitin is like a party crasher that stops the fun at the RNA polymerase II bash!",
        "emoji": "🚫🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 122,
        "topic": "topic13",
        "question": "What is the effect of ingesting α-amanitin?",
        "answer": "<li>Ingesting α-amanitin can cause dysentery and severe hepatotoxicity.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Eating death cap mushrooms is like inviting a disaster to dinner—definitely not a good idea!",
        "emoji": "🍽️💥"
    },
    {
        "id": 123,
        "topic": "topic13",
        "question": "What does dactinomycin inhibit?",
        "answer": "<li>Dactinomycin inhibits RNA polymerase in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Dactinomycin is like a universal remote that can pause the RNA polymerase show!",
        "emoji": "⏸️"
    },
    {
        "id": 124,
        "topic": "topic14",
        "question": "How many RNA polymerases do prokaryotes have?",
        "answer": "<li>Prokaryotes have one RNA polymerase that makes all three kinds of RNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Prokaryotes are like a one-man band, playing all the tunes with just one instrument!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 125,
        "topic": "topic14",
        "question": "What do rifamycins inhibit?",
        "answer": "<li>Rifamycins (rifampin, rifabutin) inhibit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in prokaryotes.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Rifamycins are like the traffic cops stopping the RNA polymerase from speeding through!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 126,
        "topic": "topic15",
        "question": "What do exons contain?",
        "answer": "<li>Exons contain the actual genetic information coding for protein or functional RNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Exons are the stars of the show, shining with all the important genetic information!",
        "emoji": "⭐"
    },
    {
        "id": 127,
        "topic": "topic15",
        "question": "What is the role of introns?",
        "answer": "<li>Introns do not code for protein but are important in the regulation of gene expression.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Introns are like the behind-the-scenes crew, essential for the show but not seen on stage!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 128,
        "topic": "topic15",
        "question": "How can different exons be combined?",
        "answer": "<li>Different exons can be combined by alternative splicing to produce a larger number of unique proteins.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Alternative splicing is like mixing and matching outfits to create a unique style!",
        "emoji": "👗"
    },
    {
        "id": 129,
        "topic": "topic15",
        "question": "What happens to introns during RNA processing?",
        "answer": "<li>Introns are intervening sequences that stay in the nucleus, while exons exit and are expressed.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Introns are like the shy kids at a party—they stay inside while the exons go out to play!",
        "emoji": "🏠"
    },
    {
        "id": 130,
        "topic": "topic15",
        "question": "What is alternative splicing?",
        "answer": "<li>Alternative splicing can produce a variety of protein products from a single hnRNA sequence.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Alternative splicing is like a buffet where you can pick and choose different protein dishes from one menu!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 131,
        "topic": "topic16",
        "question": "What is the role of snRNPs in splicing?",
        "answer": "<li>snRNPs are small nuclear ribonucleoproteins that form a spliceosome to cleave pre-mRNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "snRNPs are like the skilled tailors, expertly cutting and stitching RNA together!",
        "emoji": "✂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 132,
        "topic": "topic16",
        "question": "What do introns typically begin and end with?",
        "answer": "<li>Introns typically begin with GU and end with AG.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Introns have a \"GU-AG\" handshake to signal their start and finish in the RNA world!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 133,
        "topic": "topic16",
        "question": "What is the consequence of alterations in snRNP assembly?",
        "answer": "<li>Alterations in snRNP assembly can cause clinical diseases, such as spinal muscular atrophy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "If snRNPs can't assemble, it's like a band missing its instruments—no music, just silence!",
        "emoji": "🎸🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 134,
        "topic": "topic16",
        "question": "What is the lariat-shaped intermediate in splicing?",
        "answer": "<li>The lariat-shaped intermediate is generated during the cleavage at the 5′ splice site.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The lariat is like a cowboy's lasso, rounding up introns for removal!",
        "emoji": "🤠"
    },
    {
        "id": 135,
        "topic": "topic16",
        "question": "What happens after the cleavage at the 3′ splice site?",
        "answer": "<li>After cleavage at the 3′ splice site, the lariat is released to precisely remove the intron and join two exons.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The lariat releases the intron like a magician pulling a rabbit out of a hat—voila, two exons together!",
        "emoji": "🎩🐇"
    },
    {
        "id": 136,
        "topic": "topic17",
        "question": "What is the typical length of tRNA molecules?",
        "answer": "<li>tRNA molecules are typically 75–90 nucleotides long.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of tRNA as a \"tiny RNA\" that’s just the right size for a \"tiny job\" in protein synthesis!",
        "emoji": "📏"
    },
    {
        "id": 137,
        "topic": "topic17",
        "question": "What is the secondary structure of tRNA?",
        "answer": "<li>tRNA has a cloverleaf form in its secondary structure.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cloverleaf tRNA is like a lucky charm for amino acids—just don’t forget to water it!",
        "emoji": "🍀"
    },
    {
        "id": 138,
        "topic": "topic17",
        "question": "Where is the anticodon located on the tRNA molecule?",
        "answer": "<li>The anticodon end is opposite the 3′ aminoacyl end of the tRNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The anticodon is like a secret handshake on the opposite side of the tRNA party!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 139,
        "topic": "topic17",
        "question": "What sequence is found at the 3′ end of all tRNAs?",
        "answer": "<li>All tRNAs have a CCA sequence at the 3′ end.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "CCA stands for \"Can Carry Amino acids,\" just like a delivery truck!",
        "emoji": "🚚"
    },
    {
        "id": 140,
        "topic": "topic17",
        "question": "What is the role of the T-arm in tRNA?",
        "answer": "<li>The T-arm contains the TΨC sequence necessary for tRNA-ribosome binding.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "T-arm tethers tRNA to the ribosome like a lifeguard at a pool party!",
        "emoji": "🏊"
    },
    {
        "id": 141,
        "topic": "topic17",
        "question": "What is the function of the D-arm in tRNA?",
        "answer": "<li>The D-arm contains dihydrouridine residues necessary for tRNA recognition by the correct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "D-arm is like a detective that helps find the right amino acid for the tRNA!",
        "emoji": "🕵️"
    },
    {
        "id": 142,
        "topic": "topic17",
        "question": "What is the attachment site on tRNA?",
        "answer": "<li>The attachment site is the 3′-ACC-5′ sequence, which is the amino acid acceptor site.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the attachment site as the \"ACCess point\" for amino acids!",
        "emoji": "🔗"
    },
    {
        "id": 143,
        "topic": "topic18",
        "question": "What enzyme is responsible for charging tRNA with amino acids?",
        "answer": "<li>Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is responsible for charging tRNA with amino acids.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is like a personal trainer for tRNA, making sure it gets the right amino acid!",
        "emoji": "🏋️"
    },
    {
        "id": 144,
        "topic": "topic18",
        "question": "How does aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase ensure accuracy in amino acid selection?",
        "answer": "<li>It scrutinizes the amino acid before and after it binds to tRNA, hydrolyzing incorrect bonds.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a picky chef who won’t let just any ingredient into the recipe!",
        "emoji": "👨‍🍳"
    },
    {
        "id": 145,
        "topic": "topic18",
        "question": "What happens if a tRNA is mischarged?",
        "answer": "<li>A mischarged tRNA reads the usual codon but inserts the wrong amino acid.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "A mischarged tRNA is like a bad actor in a play—totally off script!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 146,
        "topic": "topic19",
        "question": "What is the start codon in mRNA?",
        "answer": "<li>The start codon in mRNA is AUG.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "AUG is like the \"A-List\" of codons that kicks off the protein party!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 147,
        "topic": "topic19",
        "question": "What does AUG code for in eukaryotes?",
        "answer": "<li>AUG codes for methionine, which may be removed before translation is completed.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Methionine is the \"guest of honor\" that sometimes leaves the party early!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 148,
        "topic": "topic19",
        "question": "What does AUG code for in prokaryotes?",
        "answer": "<li>AUG codes for N-formylmethionine (fMet), which stimulates neutrophil chemotaxis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "fMet is like a \"formidable\" guest that attracts all the right attention!",
        "emoji": "🚨"
    },
    {
        "id": 149,
        "topic": "topic19",
        "question": "What are the stop codons in mRNA?",
        "answer": "<li>The stop codons are UGA, UAA, and UAG.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of stop codons as the \"exit signs\" that tell the ribosome to wrap it up!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 150,
        "topic": "topic20",
        "question": "What is the first step in eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation?",
        "answer": "<li>Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) identify the 5′ cap of the mRNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "eIFs are like the bouncers at the club, checking IDs at the door!",
        "emoji": "🕴️"
    },
    {
        "id": 151,
        "topic": "topic20",
        "question": "What do eukaryotic initiation factors help assemble during initiation?",
        "answer": "<li>eIFs help assemble the 40S ribosomal subunit with the initiator tRNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "eIFs are like matchmakers, bringing the right ribosomal subunit and tRNA together!",
        "emoji": "💘"
    },
    {
        "id": 152,
        "topic": "topic20",
        "question": "What happens when the mRNA and the ribosomal 60S subunit assemble?",
        "answer": "<li>eIFs are released when the mRNA and the ribosomal 60S subunit assemble with the complex, requiring GTP.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a wedding where the matchmakers finally get to leave once the couple is hitched!",
        "emoji": "💍"
    },
    {
        "id": 153,
        "topic": "topic20",
        "question": "What is the overall structure of ribosomes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?",
        "answer": "<li>Eukaryotes have an 80S ribosome (40S + 60S), while prokaryotes have a 70S ribosome (30S + 50S).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of eukaryotic ribosomes as the \"big leagues\" and prokaryotic ribosomes as the \"minor leagues\" of protein synthesis!",
        "emoji": "⚾"
    },
    {
        "id": 154,
        "topic": "topic20",
        "question": "What is the direction of protein synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>Protein synthesis occurs from the N-terminus to the C-terminus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Remember, proteins grow from \"N\" to \"C,\" like a tree growing from the ground up!",
        "emoji": "🌳"
    },
    {
        "id": 155,
        "topic": "topic21",
        "question": "What happens during the elongation phase of protein synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>Aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the A site, and the ribosome advances 3 nucleotides toward the 3′ end of mRNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Elongation is like a train moving down the tracks, picking up new cars (amino acids) along the way!",
        "emoji": "🚂"
    },
    {
        "id": 156,
        "topic": "topic21",
        "question": "What catalyzes peptide bond formation during elongation?",
        "answer": "<li>rRNA, acting as a ribozyme, catalyzes peptide bond formation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "rRNA is like a chef mixing ingredients to create a delicious dish—peptide bonds!",
        "emoji": "🍳"
    },
    {
        "id": 157,
        "topic": "topic21",
        "question": "What do eukaryotic release factors (eRFs) do during termination?",
        "answer": "<li>eRFs recognize the stop codon and halt translation, releasing the completed polypeptide from the ribosome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "eRFs are like the referees of protein synthesis, blowing the whistle when it’s time to stop!",
        "emoji": "⏱️"
    },
    {
        "id": 158,
        "topic": "topic22",
        "question": "What is trimming in posttranslational modifications?",
        "answer": "<li>Trimming involves the removal of N- or C-terminal propeptides from zymogen to generate a mature protein.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Trimming is like giving a haircut to proteins—snip, snip, and they’re ready to go!",
        "emoji": "✂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 159,
        "topic": "topic22",
        "question": "What are some examples of covalent alterations in posttranslational modifications?",
        "answer": "<li>Examples include phosphorylation, glycosylation, hydroxylation, methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of covalent alterations as the \"accessories\" that proteins wear to look their best!",
        "emoji": "💍"
    },
    {
        "id": 160,
        "topic": "topic22",
        "question": "What is the role of chaperone proteins?",
        "answer": "<li>Chaperone proteins facilitate and maintain protein folding.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Chaperone proteins are like personal stylists for proteins, making sure they look sharp and fit!",
        "emoji": "👗"
    },
    {
        "id": 161,
        "topic": "topic23",
        "question": "What regulates the transitions between phases of the cell cycle?",
        "answer": "<li>Checkpoints control transitions between phases of the cell cycle, regulated by cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and tumor suppressors.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of checkpoints as traffic lights for cells—green means go, red means stop!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 162,
        "topic": "topic23",
        "question": "What is the shortest phase of the cell cycle?",
        "answer": "<li>M phase is the shortest phase of the cell cycle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "M for \"Mini\" because it's the shortest phase!",
        "emoji": "⏳"
    },
    {
        "id": 163,
        "topic": "topic23",
        "question": "What processes are included in the M phase?",
        "answer": "<li>M phase includes mitosis (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and cytokinesis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Mitosis is like a cell's dance routine—lots of steps to get it right!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 164,
        "topic": "topic23",
        "question": "What is the duration of the G1 phase?",
        "answer": "<li>G1 phase is of variable duration.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "G1 is like a waiting room—sometimes you wait a long time!",
        "emoji": "⏲️"
    },
    {
        "id": 165,
        "topic": "topic24",
        "question": "How are cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) activated?",
        "answer": "<li>CDKs are constitutively expressed but inactive when not bound to cyclin.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "CDKs are like cars that won't start until you put the key (cyclin) in!",
        "emoji": "🚗"
    },
    {
        "id": 166,
        "topic": "topic24",
        "question": "What do cyclin-CDK complexes do?",
        "answer": "<li>Cyclin-CDK complexes phosphorylate other proteins (e.g., Rb) to coordinate cell cycle progression.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of cyclin-CDK as a conductor directing the orchestra of cell division!",
        "emoji": "🎼"
    },
    {
        "id": 167,
        "topic": "topic24",
        "question": "What is the role of tumor suppressors like p53?",
        "answer": "<li>Tumor suppressors like p53 induce p21, inhibiting CDK and leading to Rb hypophosphorylation, which inhibits G1-S progression.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "p53 is like a security guard that stops the cell from partying too hard!",
        "emoji": "🚓"
    },
    {
        "id": 168,
        "topic": "topic24",
        "question": "What happens when there are mutations in tumor suppressor genes?",
        "answer": "<li>Mutations in tumor suppressor genes can result in unrestrained cell division, such as in Li-Fraumeni syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a party without a bouncer—things can get out of control!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 169,
        "topic": "topic24",
        "question": "What role do growth factors play in the cell cycle?",
        "answer": "<li>Growth factors (e.g., insulin, PDGF, EPO, EGF) bind tyrosine kinase receptors to transition the cell from G1 to S phase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Growth factors are like the motivational speakers that get cells moving!",
        "emoji": "🎤"
    },
    {
        "id": 170,
        "topic": "topic25",
        "question": "What are permanent cell types?",
        "answer": "<li>Permanent cells remain in G0 and regenerate from stem cells, including neurons, skeletal and cardiac muscle, and RBCs.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Permanent cells are like the \"stay-at-home\" types—always in their comfy zone!",
        "emoji": "🏡"
    },
    {
        "id": 171,
        "topic": "topic25",
        "question": "What are stable (quiescent) cell types?",
        "answer": "<li>Stable cells enter G1 from G0 when stimulated, such as hepatocytes, lymphocytes, PCT, and periosteal cells.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Stable cells are like the \"couch potatoes\" who only get up when there's a good reason!",
        "emoji": "🛋️"
    },
    {
        "id": 172,
        "topic": "topic25",
        "question": "What are labile cell types?",
        "answer": "<li>Labile cells never go to G0 and divide rapidly with a short G1, including bone marrow, gut epithelium, skin, hair follicles, and germ cells.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Labile cells are the \"party animals\" of the cell world—always ready to divide!",
        "emoji": "🎊"
    },
    {
        "id": 173,
        "topic": "topic26",
        "question": "What is the role of p21 in cell cycle arrest?",
        "answer": "<li>p21 inhibits CDK activity, leading to cell cycle arrest.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "p21 is like the \"stop sign\" for the cell cycle—no entry until further notice!",
        "emoji": "🛑"
    },
    {
        "id": 174,
        "topic": "topic26",
        "question": "What is the function of Rb in the cell cycle?",
        "answer": "<li>Rb modulates the G1 restriction point and is involved in cell cycle progression.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Rb is like the gatekeeper at a club—only letting the right cells in!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 175,
        "topic": "topic27",
        "question": "What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?",
        "answer": "<li>The RER is the site of synthesis of secretory proteins and N-linked oligosaccharide addition to lysosomal and other proteins.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "RER is like a factory for proteins—always busy making the good stuff!",
        "emoji": "🏭"
    },
    {
        "id": 176,
        "topic": "topic27",
        "question": "What are Nissl bodies?",
        "answer": "<li>Nissl bodies are RER in neurons that synthesize peptide neurotransmitters for secretion.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Nissl bodies are like the \"neurotransmitter chefs\" cooking up brain signals!",
        "emoji": "👨‍🍳"
    },
    {
        "id": 177,
        "topic": "topic27",
        "question": "Where does N-linked glycosylation occur?",
        "answer": "<li>N-linked glycosylation occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of N-linked glycosylation as the \"sugar coating\" for proteins—sweetening the deal!",
        "emoji": "🍬"
    },
    {
        "id": 178,
        "topic": "topic27",
        "question": "What types of cells are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum?",
        "answer": "<li>Mucus-secreting goblet cells of the small intestine and antibody-secreting plasma cells are rich in RER.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "RER-rich cells are like the \"protein powerhouses\" of the body!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 179,
        "topic": "topic28",
        "question": "What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?",
        "answer": "<li>The SER is the site of steroid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "SER is like the detox spa for cells—getting rid of the bad stuff!",
        "emoji": "🧖‍♀️"
    },
    {
        "id": 180,
        "topic": "topic28",
        "question": "What important enzyme is located in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?",
        "answer": "<li>Glucose-6-phosphatase, which is involved in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, is located in the SER.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glucose-6-phosphatase is like the \"sugar referee\" making sure everything is in balance!",
        "emoji": "⚖️"
    },
    {
        "id": 181,
        "topic": "topic29",
        "question": "What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?",
        "answer": "<li>The Golgi apparatus is the distribution center for proteins and lipids from the ER to vesicles and the plasma membrane.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Golgi is like the post office for cells—shipping out all the important packages!",
        "emoji": "📦"
    },
    {
        "id": 182,
        "topic": "topic29",
        "question": "What posttranslational events occur in the Golgi?",
        "answer": "<li>Posttranslational events in the Golgi include modifying N-oligosaccharides on asparagine, adding O-oligosaccharides on serine and threonine, and adding mannose-6-phosphate to proteins for lysosomal degradation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Golgi is like a finishing school for proteins—giving them the final touches!",
        "emoji": "🎓"
    },
    {
        "id": 183,
        "topic": "topic29",
        "question": "What is the function of endosomes?",
        "answer": "<li>Endosomes are sorting centers for material from outside the cell or from the Golgi, directing it to lysosomes for destruction or back to the membrane/Golgi for further use.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Endosomes are like the \"lost and found\" of the cell—sorting out what goes where!",
        "emoji": "🗂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 184,
        "topic": "topic30",
        "question": "What is I-cell disease?",
        "answer": "<li>I-cell disease is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by a defect in N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phosphotransferase, leading to failure of the Golgi to phosphorylate mannose residues.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "I-cell disease is like a delivery service that keeps sending packages to the wrong address!",
        "emoji": "📬"
    },
    {
        "id": 185,
        "topic": "topic30",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of I-cell disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include coarse facial features, gingival hyperplasia, corneal clouding, restricted joint movements, claw hand deformities, kyphoscoliosis, and elevated plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "I-cell disease symptoms are like a \"bad hair day\" for cells—everything's out of order!",
        "emoji": "😵"
    },
    {
        "id": 186,
        "topic": "topic30",
        "question": "How does I-cell disease affect lysosomal enzymes?",
        "answer": "<li>In I-cell disease, lysosomes are deficient in digestive enzymes due to enzymes being secreted extracellularly rather than delivered to lysosomes.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like having a kitchen full of chefs but no one knows how to cook!",
        "emoji": "👩‍🍳"
    },
    {
        "id": 187,
        "topic": "topic31",
        "question": "What is the function of COPI proteins?",
        "answer": "<li>COPI proteins mediate retrograde transport from the Golgi to the ER.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "COPI is like a bus that takes you back home after a long day at work!",
        "emoji": "🚌"
    },
    {
        "id": 188,
        "topic": "topic31",
        "question": "What is the function of COPII proteins?",
        "answer": "<li>COPII proteins mediate anterograde transport from the ER to the cis-Golgi.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "COPII is like a train that takes you to the next big adventure—forward only!",
        "emoji": "🚂"
    },
    {
        "id": 189,
        "topic": "topic31",
        "question": "What is the role of clathrin in vesicular trafficking?",
        "answer": "<li>Clathrin is involved in transporting materials from the trans-Golgi to lysosomes and from the plasma membrane to endosomes (receptor-mediated endocytosis).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Clathrin is like a net catching all the goodies for the cell!",
        "emoji": "🥅"
    },
    {
        "id": 190,
        "topic": "topic32",
        "question": "What is the primary function of peroxisomes in cellular metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>Peroxisomes are involved in the β-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and α-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of peroxisomes as the \"fat-burning gym\" for your cells, where they work out those long-chain fatty acids!",
        "emoji": "🏋️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 191,
        "topic": "topic32",
        "question": "What other metabolic processes do peroxisomes participate in?",
        "answer": "<li>They are involved in the catabolism of amino acids and ethanol, and the synthesis of bile acids and plasmalogens.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Peroxisomes are like multitasking chefs, cooking up amino acids, ethanol, bile acids, and plasmalogens all at once!",
        "emoji": "👩‍🍳"
    },
    {
        "id": 192,
        "topic": "topic33",
        "question": "What is Zellweger syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Zellweger syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder of peroxisome biogenesis due to mutated PEX genes.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Zellweger sounds like a \"zany\" name for a syndrome, but it’s serious—think of it as a \"peroxisome party\" that never gets started!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 193,
        "topic": "topic33",
        "question": "What are the clinical features of Zellweger syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Clinical features include hypotonia, seizures, jaundice, craniofacial dysmorphia, hepatomegaly, and early death.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Zellweger syndrome symptoms are like a bad party guest list—hypotonia, seizures, and jaundice just don’t belong!",
        "emoji": "🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 194,
        "topic": "topic34",
        "question": "What is Refsum disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Refsum disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of α-oxidation characterized by the buildup of phytanic acid.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Refsum disease is like a traffic jam of phytanic acid—no one can get through!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 195,
        "topic": "topic34",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of Refsum disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include vision loss (retinitis pigmentosa), anosmia, hearing loss, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, ichthyosis, and cardiac conduction defects.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Refsum disease symptoms are like a bad game of \"Guess Who?\"—you lose your sense of smell, sight, and balance!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 196,
        "topic": "topic34",
        "question": "What is the treatment for Refsum disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Treatment includes dietary management and plasmapheresis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of treating Refsum disease like cleaning out a messy fridge—diet and plasmapheresis help clear the clutter!",
        "emoji": "🥦"
    },
    {
        "id": 197,
        "topic": "topic35",
        "question": "What is adrenoleukodystrophy?",
        "answer": "<li>Adrenoleukodystrophy is an X-linked recessive disorder of β-oxidation due to a mutation in the ABCD1 gene.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Adrenoleukodystrophy sounds like a superhero name, but it’s actually a villain causing VLCFA buildup!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 198,
        "topic": "topic35",
        "question": "What are the consequences of adrenoleukodystrophy?",
        "answer": "<li>It leads to VLCFA buildup in adrenal glands, white matter of the brain, and testes, causing progressive disease, adrenal crisis, and loss of neurologic function.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Adrenoleukodystrophy is like a slow-motion train wreck—everything builds up until it crashes!",
        "emoji": "🚂"
    },
    {
        "id": 199,
        "topic": "topic36",
        "question": "What is the role of the proteasome in the cell?",
        "answer": "<li>The proteasome is a barrel-shaped protein complex that degrades polyubiquitin-tagged proteins.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the proteasome as the cell's recycling bin—out with the old proteins, in with the new!",
        "emoji": "♻️"
    },
    {
        "id": 200,
        "topic": "topic36",
        "question": "How does the proteasome relate to immune response?",
        "answer": "<li>The proteasome plays a role in immune response, particularly in MHC I-mediated processes.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The proteasome is like a bouncer at a club, checking IDs (proteins) to keep the party (immune response) going!",
        "emoji": "🕴️"
    },
    {
        "id": 201,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What are the main types of cytoskeletal elements?",
        "answer": "<li>The main types are microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of cytoskeletal elements as the three musketeers of the cell—each with their own special role!",
        "emoji": "⚔️"
    },
    {
        "id": 202,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the predominant function of microfilaments?",
        "answer": "<li>Microfilaments are primarily involved in muscle contraction, cytokinesis, and phagocytosis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Microfilaments are like the gym trainers of the cell, helping with contraction and movement!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 203,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What do intermediate filaments do?",
        "answer": "<li>Intermediate filaments maintain cell structure.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Intermediate filaments are like the scaffolding of a building—keeping everything upright and stable!",
        "emoji": "🏗️"
    },
    {
        "id": 204,
        "topic": "topic37",
        "question": "What is the function of microtubules?",
        "answer": "<li>Microtubules are involved in movement and cell division.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Microtubules are like the highways of the cell, facilitating transport and division!",
        "emoji": "🛣️"
    },
    {
        "id": 205,
        "topic": "topic38",
        "question": "What is the structure of microtubules?",
        "answer": "<li>Microtubules are cylindrical structures composed of a helical array of polymerized heterodimers of α- and β-tubulin.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Microtubules are like a twisty straw—long and cylindrical, perfect for transporting drinks (cargo)!",
        "emoji": "🥤"
    },
    {
        "id": 206,
        "topic": "topic38",
        "question": "What role do molecular motor proteins play in relation to microtubules?",
        "answer": "<li>Molecular motor proteins transport cellular cargo toward opposite ends of microtubules, with dynein moving retrograde and kinesin moving anterograde.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of dynein and kinesin as the delivery trucks of the cell, each going in their own direction!",
        "emoji": "🚚"
    },
    {
        "id": 207,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the structure of motile cilia?",
        "answer": "<li>Motile cilia consist of a 9 doublet + 2 singlet arrangement of microtubules (axoneme).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Motile cilia are like a marching band—9 doublets leading the way with 2 soloists!",
        "emoji": "🎺"
    },
    {
        "id": 208,
        "topic": "topic39",
        "question": "What is the function of nonmotile (primary) cilia?",
        "answer": "<li>Nonmotile cilia act as chemical signal sensors and play a role in signal transduction and cell growth control.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Nonmotile cilia are like the cell's antennae, picking up signals from the environment!",
        "emoji": "📡"
    },
    {
        "id": 209,
        "topic": "topic40",
        "question": "What is primary ciliary dyskinesia?",
        "answer": "<li>Primary ciliary dyskinesia is an autosomal recessive condition caused by dynein arm defects, leading to immotile cilia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Primary ciliary dyskinesia is like a dance party where no one can move—everyone's stuck!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 210,
        "topic": "topic40",
        "question": "What are the clinical features of primary ciliary dyskinesia?",
        "answer": "<li>Features include recurrent infections, developmental abnormalities, and infertility.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Primary ciliary dyskinesia symptoms are like a bad luck charm—always causing trouble with infections and fertility!",
        "emoji": "🍀"
    },
    {
        "id": 211,
        "topic": "topic41",
        "question": "What is the function of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump?",
        "answer": "<li>The Na+/K+-ATPase pump moves 2 K+ ions into the cell and 3 Na+ ions out of the cell for each ATP consumed.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The Na+/K+ pump is like a bouncer at a club—2 K+ get in, but 3 Na+ have to leave!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 212,
        "topic": "topic41",
        "question": "How does digoxin affect the Na+/K+-ATPase pump?",
        "answer": "<li>Digoxin directly inhibits Na+/K+-ATPase, leading to indirect inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchange, increasing intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Digoxin is like a sneaky thief, blocking the bouncer and letting more calcium into the party!",
        "emoji": "🏴‍☠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 213,
        "topic": "topic42",
        "question": "What is the most abundant protein in the human body?",
        "answer": "<li>Collagen.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of collagen as the \"glue\" that holds your body together—without it, you'd be a floppy mess!",
        "emoji": "🏗️"
    },
    {
        "id": 214,
        "topic": "topic42",
        "question": "What is the role of collagen in the extracellular matrix?",
        "answer": "<li>It organizes and strengthens the extracellular matrix.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Collagen is like the scaffolding of a building—without it, everything would just collapse!",
        "emoji": "🏢"
    },
    {
        "id": 215,
        "topic": "topic42",
        "question": "How many types of collagen are the most common in humans?",
        "answer": "<li>Types I to IV.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Remember the \"I to IV\" as the \"collagen crew\"—the most popular types in the body!",
        "emoji": "👥"
    },
    {
        "id": 216,
        "topic": "topic43",
        "question": "What is Type I collagen primarily associated with?",
        "answer": "<li>The skeleton.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type I is like the \"bone buddy\"—always there to support your structure!",
        "emoji": "🦴"
    },
    {
        "id": 217,
        "topic": "topic43",
        "question": "What is Type II collagen primarily found in?",
        "answer": "<li>Cartilage.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type II is the \"cartilage cushion\"—keeping your joints comfy and bouncy!",
        "emoji": "🛋️"
    },
    {
        "id": 218,
        "topic": "topic43",
        "question": "What does Type III collagen support?",
        "answer": "<li>Arteries.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type III is like the \"artery armor\"—keeping your blood vessels strong and flexible!",
        "emoji": "🛡️"
    },
    {
        "id": 219,
        "topic": "topic43",
        "question": "Where is Type IV collagen located?",
        "answer": "<li>In the basement membrane.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type IV is the \"basement buddy\"—always underfoot, supporting everything above!",
        "emoji": "🏠"
    },
    {
        "id": 220,
        "topic": "topic44",
        "question": "What percentage of collagen is Type I?",
        "answer": "<li>90%.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type I is the \"90% superstar\" of collagen—always stealing the show!",
        "emoji": "🌟"
    },
    {
        "id": 221,
        "topic": "topic44",
        "question": "What are some structures made from Type I collagen?",
        "answer": "<li>Bone, skin, tendon, dentin, fascia, cornea, and late wound repair.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type I is like a Swiss Army knife—useful for many body parts!",
        "emoji": "🛠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 222,
        "topic": "topic44",
        "question": "What condition is associated with Type I collagen production issues?",
        "answer": "<li>Osteogenesis imperfecta type I.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of osteogenesis imperfecta as \"brittle bone blues\"—not a fun tune to play!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 223,
        "topic": "topic45",
        "question": "What is Type II collagen primarily found in?",
        "answer": "<li>Cartilage, including hyaline cartilage, vitreous body, and nucleus pulposus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type II is the \"cartilage cushion\"—keeping your joints comfy and bouncy!",
        "emoji": "🛋️"
    },
    {
        "id": 224,
        "topic": "topic46",
        "question": "What is Type III collagen also known as?",
        "answer": "<li>Reticulin.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type III is like the \"reticulin net\"—catching all the important stuff in your body!",
        "emoji": "🕸️"
    },
    {
        "id": 225,
        "topic": "topic46",
        "question": "What syndrome is Type III collagen deficient in?",
        "answer": "<li>Vascular type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type III is the \"three D's\"—deficient in Ehlers-Danlos, but not in style!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 226,
        "topic": "topic47",
        "question": "What is Type IV collagen associated with?",
        "answer": "<li>The basement membrane and basal lamina.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type IV is the \"basement buddy\"—always underfoot, supporting everything above!",
        "emoji": "🏠"
    },
    {
        "id": 227,
        "topic": "topic47",
        "question": "What syndromes are associated with defects in Type IV collagen?",
        "answer": "<li>Alport syndrome and Goodpasture syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type IV is like a \"double trouble\"—causing issues in both Alport and Goodpasture!",
        "emoji": "⚠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 228,
        "topic": "topic48",
        "question": "What is the basic structure of collagen's pro α-chain backbone?",
        "answer": "<li>Gly-X-Y.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of Gly-X-Y as the \"collagen recipe\"—just add some proline and lysine for flavor!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 229,
        "topic": "topic48",
        "question": "What vitamin is required for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin C.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Without vitamin C, collagen is like a party without snacks—no fun at all!",
        "emoji": "🍊"
    },
    {
        "id": 230,
        "topic": "topic48",
        "question": "What happens if there is a deficiency in vitamin C during collagen synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>It leads to scurvy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Scurvy is like a pirate's worst nightmare—no vitamin C means no healthy collagen!",
        "emoji": "🏴‍☠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 231,
        "topic": "topic48",
        "question": "What is the process of forming the triple helix in collagen?",
        "answer": "<li>Glycosylation and formation of procollagen via hydrogen and disulfide bonds.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The triple helix is like a \"collagen braid\"—three strands twisted together for strength!",
        "emoji": "🧶"
    },
    {
        "id": 232,
        "topic": "topic48",
        "question": "What is the result of problems forming the triple helix in collagen?",
        "answer": "<li>Osteogenesis imperfecta.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "A messed-up braid leads to brittle bones—no one wants that hairstyle!",
        "emoji": "💇‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 233,
        "topic": "topic49",
        "question": "What is the process of exocytosis in collagen synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>The exocytosis of procollagen into the extracellular space.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Exocytosis is like sending collagen out to \"party\" in the extracellular space!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 234,
        "topic": "topic49",
        "question": "What is the significance of proteolytic processing in collagen synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>It cleaves disulfide-rich terminal regions of procollagen to form insoluble tropocollagen.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Proteolytic processing is like \"trimming the fat\" to make collagen fit for action!",
        "emoji": "✂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 235,
        "topic": "topic49",
        "question": "What reinforces the staggered tropocollagen molecules in collagen fibers?",
        "answer": "<li>Covalent lysine-hydroxylysine cross-linkage.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cross-linking is like tying your shoes—keeping everything together and secure!",
        "emoji": "👟"
    },
    {
        "id": 236,
        "topic": "topic49",
        "question": "What condition is associated with problems in collagen cross-linking?",
        "answer": "<li>Menkes disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Menkes disease is like a \"kinky hair\" party—too much twist and not enough strength!",
        "emoji": "💁‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 237,
        "topic": "topic50",
        "question": "What is osteogenesis imperfecta commonly known as?",
        "answer": "<li>Brittle bone disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Osteogenesis imperfecta is like a \"glass bone\" condition—handle with care!",
        "emoji": "🥴"
    },
    {
        "id": 238,
        "topic": "topic50",
        "question": "What genes are most commonly associated with osteogenesis imperfecta?",
        "answer": "<li>COL1A1 and COL1A2.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of COL1A1 and COL1A2 as the \"collagen twins\"—always causing trouble together!",
        "emoji": "👯‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 239,
        "topic": "topic50",
        "question": "What is the most common inheritance pattern of osteogenesis imperfecta?",
        "answer": "<li>Autosomal dominant.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Autosomal dominant is like the \"loudest kid in class\"—always getting attention!",
        "emoji": "📣"
    },
    {
        "id": 240,
        "topic": "topic50",
        "question": "What are some manifestations of osteogenesis imperfecta?",
        "answer": "<li>Multiple fractures, blue sclerae, tooth abnormalities, and hearing loss.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Osteogenesis imperfecta patients can’t BITE: Bones, I (eye), Teeth, Ear!",
        "emoji": "🦷"
    },
    {
        "id": 241,
        "topic": "topic51",
        "question": "What causes the symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Faulty collagen synthesis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Ehlers-Danlos is like a \"stretchy rubber band\"—too much flexibility can lead to trouble!",
        "emoji": "🏋️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 242,
        "topic": "topic51",
        "question": "What are some symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Hyperextensible skin, hypermobile joints, and tendency to bleed.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Ehlers-Danlos is like a \"super stretchy\" superhero—great flexibility but prone to injury!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♀️"
    },
    {
        "id": 243,
        "topic": "topic51",
        "question": "What are the inheritance patterns of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>It can be autosomal dominant or recessive.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Ehlers-Danlos is like a family reunion—everyone shows up, but some are more prominent than others!",
        "emoji": "👪"
    },
    {
        "id": 244,
        "topic": "topic52",
        "question": "What type of inheritance pattern does Menkes disease follow?",
        "answer": "<li>X-linked recessive.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Menkes disease is like a \"boy's club\"—only the guys get in on this one!",
        "emoji": "🚹"
    },
    {
        "id": 245,
        "topic": "topic52",
        "question": "What causes Menkes disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Impaired copper absorption and transport due to defective Menkes protein ATP7A.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Menkes is like a \"copper thief\"—stealing away your body's ability to use copper!",
        "emoji": "🏴‍☠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 246,
        "topic": "topic52",
        "question": "What is the result of defective lysyl oxidase activity in Menkes disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Defective collagen cross-linking.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Without proper cross-linking, collagen is like a \"badly woven sweater\"—full of holes!",
        "emoji": "🧶"
    },
    {
        "id": 247,
        "topic": "topic52",
        "question": "What are some symptoms of Menkes disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Brittle hair, growth and developmental delay, hypotonia, and increased risk of cerebral aneurysms.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Menkes disease is like a \"kinky hair\" party—brittle and tangled, with a side of developmental delays!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 248,
        "topic": "topic53",
        "question": "What is elastin and where is it found in the body?",
        "answer": "<li>Elastin is a stretchy protein found in the skin, lungs, large arteries, elastic ligaments, vocal cords, epiglottis, and ligamenta flava.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of elastin as the \"rubber band\" of your body, keeping everything stretchy and flexible!",
        "emoji": "🏋️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 249,
        "topic": "topic53",
        "question": "What amino acids are elastin rich in?",
        "answer": "<li>Elastin is rich in nonhydroxylated proline, glycine, and lysine residues.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Elastin loves to party with proline, glycine, and lysine—no hydroxylated guests allowed!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 250,
        "topic": "topic53",
        "question": "What is tropoelastin and its relationship with fibrillin?",
        "answer": "<li>Tropoelastin is the precursor to elastin and requires fibrillin scaffolding for proper structure.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Tropoelastin and fibrillin are like dance partners—one needs the other to keep the rhythm!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 251,
        "topic": "topic53",
        "question": "How does cross-linking occur in elastin?",
        "answer": "<li>Cross-linking occurs extracellularly via lysyl oxidase, which gives elastin its elastic properties.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of lysyl oxidase as the \"glue\" that holds the stretchy party together!",
        "emoji": "🥳"
    },
    {
        "id": 252,
        "topic": "topic53",
        "question": "What enzyme breaks down elastin and what inhibits it?",
        "answer": "<li>Elastin is broken down by elastase, which is normally inhibited by α1-antitrypsin.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Elastase is like a hungry monster, but α1-antitrypsin is the superhero that keeps it at bay!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 253,
        "topic": "topic53",
        "question": "What condition results from α1-antitrypsin deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>α1-antitrypsin deficiency leads to unopposed elastase activity, which can cause COPD.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Without α1-antitrypsin, elastase throws a wild party in the lungs, leading to COPD chaos!",
        "emoji": "🚭"
    },
    {
        "id": 254,
        "topic": "topic54",
        "question": "What is Marfan syndrome and how is it inherited?",
        "answer": "<li>Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder affecting the skeleton, heart, and eyes.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Marfan syndrome is like a tall tale—everyone's got a story, but it’s all in the genes!",
        "emoji": "📏"
    },
    {
        "id": 255,
        "topic": "topic54",
        "question": "What gene mutation is associated with Marfan syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Marfan syndrome is caused by a mutation in the FBN1 gene on chromosome 15, resulting in defective fibrillin-1.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "FBN1 is like the \"fibrillin factory\"—if it breaks down, the whole structure gets wobbly!",
        "emoji": "🏗️"
    },
    {
        "id": 256,
        "topic": "topic54",
        "question": "What are some common findings in Marfan syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Common findings include tall stature, long extremities, chest wall deformities, hypermobile joints, and arachnodactyly.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Marfan patients are like human giraffes—tall, long, and a bit wobbly!",
        "emoji": "🦒"
    },
    {
        "id": 257,
        "topic": "topic54",
        "question": "What are the cardiovascular complications associated with Marfan syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Marfan syndrome can lead to cystic medial necrosis of the aorta and aortic root aneurysm rupture or dissection.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Marfan syndrome can turn your heart into a ticking time bomb—watch out for those aorta explosions!",
        "emoji": "💣"
    },
    {
        "id": 258,
        "topic": "topic55",
        "question": "What is homocystinuria and what is its most common cause?",
        "answer": "<li>Homocystinuria is most commonly due to cystathionine synthase deficiency, leading to homocysteine buildup.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Homocystinuria is like a traffic jam of homocysteine—too much buildup and no way to get through!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 259,
        "topic": "topic55",
        "question": "How does the presentation of homocystinuria compare to Marfan syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Homocystinuria presents similarly to Marfan syndrome with pectus deformity, tall stature, and arachnodactyly, but with decreased intellect.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Both conditions are tall tales, but homocystinuria has a few extra bumps in the brain department!",
        "emoji": "🧠"
    },
    {
        "id": 260,
        "topic": "topic55",
        "question": "What are the inheritance patterns for Marfan syndrome and homocystinuria?",
        "answer": "<li>Marfan syndrome is autosomal dominant, while homocystinuria is autosomal recessive.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Marfan is the \"dominant\" sibling, while homocystinuria is the \"recessive\" one hiding in the background!",
        "emoji": "👨‍👩‍👧"
    },
    {
        "id": 261,
        "topic": "topic56",
        "question": "What is the purpose of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?",
        "answer": "<li>PCR is a molecular biology lab procedure used to amplify a desired fragment of DNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "PCR is like a DNA photocopier—making copies so you can see the important stuff!",
        "emoji": "📠"
    },
    {
        "id": 262,
        "topic": "topic56",
        "question": "What are the three main steps of PCR?",
        "answer": "<li>The three main steps of PCR are denaturation, annealing, and elongation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "PCR is like a cooking recipe: heat it up, let it cool, and then bake it to perfection!",
        "emoji": "🍰"
    },
    {
        "id": 263,
        "topic": "topic56",
        "question": "What is CRISPR/Cas9 used for?",
        "answer": "<li>CRISPR/Cas9 is a genome editing tool used for removing virulence factors, replacing disease-causing alleles, and targeting tumor cells.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "CRISPR/Cas9 is like a genetic \"scissors\" that snips out the bad bits and replaces them with good ones!",
        "emoji": "✂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 264,
        "topic": "topic56",
        "question": "What is the process of a Southern blot?",
        "answer": "<li>A Southern blot involves cleaving DNA, separating it by gel electrophoresis, transferring it to a membrane, and exposing it to a labeled DNA probe.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Southern blots are like a DNA treasure hunt—finding the hidden gems in the genetic map!",
        "emoji": "🗺️"
    },
    {
        "id": 265,
        "topic": "topic56",
        "question": "What is the difference between Southern, Northern, and Western blots?",
        "answer": "<li>Southern blots analyze DNA, Northern blots analyze RNA, and Western blots analyze proteins.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of blots as a family reunion: Southern is for DNA, Northern is for RNA, and Western is for proteins—everyone has their own party!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 266,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "What is flow cytometry used for?",
        "answer": "<li>Flow cytometry is a laboratory technique to assess size, granularity, and protein expression (immunophenotype) of individual cells in a sample.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of flow cytometry as a \"cell party\" where each cell gets its own spotlight to show off its size and style!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 267,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "How are cells prepared for flow cytometry analysis?",
        "answer": "<li>Cells are tagged with antibodies specific to surface or intracellular proteins, which are then tagged with a unique fluorescent dye.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like dressing up cells for a masquerade ball, where each antibody is a fancy costume!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 268,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "How does flow cytometry analyze cells?",
        "answer": "<li>The sample is analyzed one cell at a time by focusing a laser on the cell and measuring light scatter and intensity of fluorescence.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine a laser show where each cell is a star shining bright under the spotlight!",
        "emoji": "🌟"
    },
    {
        "id": 269,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "What types of data can be plotted in flow cytometry?",
        "answer": "<li>Data can be plotted as a histogram (one measure) or scatter plot (any two measures).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a cell art gallery where each plot tells a different story about the cells!",
        "emoji": "🎨"
    },
    {
        "id": 270,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "What does the left lower quadrant in a flow cytometry scatter plot indicate?",
        "answer": "<li>Cells in the left lower quadrant are negative for both CD8 and CD3.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a cell saying, \"Nope, not wearing either CD8 or CD3 today!\"",
        "emoji": "🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 271,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "What does the right lower quadrant in a flow cytometry scatter plot indicate?",
        "answer": "<li>Cells in the right lower quadrant are positive for CD8 and negative for CD3.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture a cell proudly wearing a CD8 badge but leaving the CD3 badge at home!",
        "emoji": "🏅"
    },
    {
        "id": 272,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "What does the left upper quadrant in a flow cytometry scatter plot indicate?",
        "answer": "<li>Cells in the left upper quadrant are positive for CD3 and negative for CD8.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine a cell that loves CD3 but is on a strict diet, avoiding CD8!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 273,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "What does the right upper quadrant in a flow cytometry scatter plot indicate?",
        "answer": "<li>Cells in the right upper quadrant are positive for both CD8 and CD3.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "This cell is a double agent, proudly displaying both CD8 and CD3!",
        "emoji": "🕵️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 274,
        "topic": "topic57",
        "question": "What are common uses of flow cytometry?",
        "answer": "<li>Flow cytometry is commonly used in the workup of hematologic abnormalities (e.g., leukemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria) and immunodeficiencies (e.g., CD4+ cell count in HIV).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of flow cytometry as a detective tool for spotting blood-related mysteries!",
        "emoji": "🕵️‍♀️"
    },
    {
        "id": 275,
        "topic": "topic58",
        "question": "What is a cell microarray?",
        "answer": "<li>A cell microarray is an array consisting of thousands of DNA oligonucleotides arranged in a grid on a glass or silicon chip.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a tiny city where each oligonucleotide has its own little house!",
        "emoji": "🏙️"
    },
    {
        "id": 276,
        "topic": "topic58",
        "question": "How are DNA or RNA samples compared in a microarray?",
        "answer": "<li>The DNA or RNA samples being compared are attached to different fluorophores and hybridized to the array, with the ratio of fluorescence signal reflecting the relative amount of hybridizing nucleic acid.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine a dance-off where the brighter dancer shows who's got more moves!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 277,
        "topic": "topic58",
        "question": "What can cell microarrays detect?",
        "answer": "<li>Cell microarrays can detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variants (CNVs) for genotyping, clinical genetic testing, forensic analysis, and cancer mutation and genetic linkage analysis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a genetic detective finding clues in the DNA dance floor!",
        "emoji": "🧬"
    },
    {
        "id": 278,
        "topic": "topic59",
        "question": "What is the purpose of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)?",
        "answer": "<li>ELISA is an immunologic test used to detect the presence of either a specific antigen (in direct ELISA) or antibody (in indirect ELISA) in a patient’s blood sample.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a blood test where the antibodies play hide and seek with the antigens!",
        "emoji": "🤫"
    },
    {
        "id": 279,
        "topic": "topic59",
        "question": "How does ELISA detect antigens or antibodies?",
        "answer": "<li>Detection involves the use of an antibody linked to an enzyme, where the added substrate reacts with the enzyme to produce a detectable signal.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Picture a cooking show where the enzyme is the chef whipping up a tasty signal!",
        "emoji": "👨‍🍳"
    },
    {
        "id": 280,
        "topic": "topic59",
        "question": "What are the advantages of ELISA?",
        "answer": "<li>ELISA can have high sensitivity and specificity but is less specific than Western blot.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of ELISA as a sharp-eyed detective, but sometimes it needs a second opinion from Western blot!",
        "emoji": "🕵️"
    },
    {
        "id": 281,
        "topic": "topic59",
        "question": "What is a common application of ELISA?",
        "answer": "<li>ELISA is often used to screen for HIV infection.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a bouncer checking IDs at the club to keep the party safe!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 282,
        "topic": "topic60",
        "question": "What is karyotyping?",
        "answer": "<li>Karyotyping is the process of staining, ordering, and numbering chromosomes according to morphology, size, arm-length ratio, and banding pattern.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as organizing a messy closet of chromosomes into neat little outfits!",
        "emoji": "👗"
    },
    {
        "id": 283,
        "topic": "topic60",
        "question": "How are chromosomes prepared for karyotyping?",
        "answer": "<li>Colchicine is added to cultured cells to halt chromosomes in metaphase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like putting chromosomes on pause so they can be neatly arranged!",
        "emoji": "⏸️"
    },
    {
        "id": 284,
        "topic": "topic60",
        "question": "What samples can be used for karyotyping?",
        "answer": "<li>Karyotyping can be performed on samples of blood, bone marrow, amniotic fluid, or placental tissue.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a chromosome family reunion where everyone brings their own sample!",
        "emoji": "👪"
    },
    {
        "id": 285,
        "topic": "topic60",
        "question": "What is the purpose of karyotyping?",
        "answer": "<li>Karyotyping is used to diagnose chromosomal imbalances, such as autosomal trisomies and sex chromosome disorders.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of karyotyping as a chromosome check-up to spot any family issues!",
        "emoji": "🏥"
    },
    {
        "id": 286,
        "topic": "topic61",
        "question": "What is fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)?",
        "answer": "<li>FISH uses a fluorescent DNA or RNA probe that binds to a specific gene or other site of interest on chromosomes.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like using a highlighter to mark important passages in a book of chromosomes!",
        "emoji": "✏️"
    },
    {
        "id": 287,
        "topic": "topic61",
        "question": "What is one application of FISH?",
        "answer": "<li>FISH is used for specific localization of genes and direct visualization of chromosomal anomalies.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine FISH as a spotlight shining on the stars of the chromosome galaxy!",
        "emoji": "🌌"
    },
    {
        "id": 288,
        "topic": "topic61",
        "question": "What does a lack of fluorescence on a chromosome indicate in FISH?",
        "answer": "<li>A microdeletion is indicated by no fluorescence on a chromosome compared to fluorescence at the same locus on the second copy of that chromosome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a star that went missing from the chromosome constellation!",
        "emoji": "🌠"
    },
    {
        "id": 289,
        "topic": "topic61",
        "question": "What does a translocation look like in FISH?",
        "answer": "<li>A translocation shows a fluorescence signal from one chromosome (e.g., chromosome 9) found in a different chromosome (e.g., chromosome 22).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a chromosome swap meet where genes trade places!",
        "emoji": "🔄"
    },
    {
        "id": 290,
        "topic": "topic61",
        "question": "What does duplication indicate in FISH?",
        "answer": "<li>Duplication results in a second copy of a chromosome, leading to trisomy or tetrasomy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a chromosome getting a twin, doubling the fun!",
        "emoji": "👯"
    },
    {
        "id": 291,
        "topic": "topic62",
        "question": "What is molecular cloning?",
        "answer": "<li>Molecular cloning is the production of a recombinant DNA molecule in a bacterial or eukaryotic cell line host.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a science lab where DNA gets a makeover to create something new!",
        "emoji": "🧪"
    },
    {
        "id": 292,
        "topic": "topic62",
        "question": "What is one application of molecular cloning?",
        "answer": "<li>Molecular cloning is useful for the production of human proteins in bacteria, such as human growth hormone and insulin.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a factory where bacteria are trained to produce human proteins on demand!",
        "emoji": "🏭"
    },
    {
        "id": 293,
        "topic": "topic63",
        "question": "What is a transgenic strategy in mice that involves random insertion?",
        "answer": "<li>It involves the random insertion of a gene into the mouse genome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as tossing a gene into a mouse like confetti at a party—wherever it lands, it stays!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 294,
        "topic": "topic63",
        "question": "What is a transgenic strategy in mice that involves targeted insertion?",
        "answer": "<li>It involves targeted insertion or deletion of a gene through homologous recombination with a mouse gene.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like using a GPS to place a gene exactly where you want it—no random detours!",
        "emoji": "📍"
    },
    {
        "id": 295,
        "topic": "topic63",
        "question": "What does \"knock-out\" mean in genetic terms?",
        "answer": "<li>Knock-out refers to removing a gene, taking it out.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as giving a gene the boot—out it goes!",
        "emoji": "👢"
    },
    {
        "id": 296,
        "topic": "topic63",
        "question": "What does \"knock-in\" mean in genetic terms?",
        "answer": "<li>Knock-in refers to inserting a gene.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine a gene getting a VIP pass to join the party—it's in!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 297,
        "topic": "topic63",
        "question": "What is the result of random insertion of a gene?",
        "answer": "<li>It leads to constitutive expression of the gene.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Random insertion is like a loudspeaker blaring all the time—everyone hears it!",
        "emoji": "📢"
    },
    {
        "id": 298,
        "topic": "topic63",
        "question": "What is the result of targeted insertion of a gene?",
        "answer": "<li>It leads to conditional expression of the gene.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Targeted insertion is like a switch that only turns on when you need it—very selective!",
        "emoji": "🔌"
    },
    {
        "id": 299,
        "topic": "topic64",
        "question": "What is RNA interference?",
        "answer": "<li>It is a process whereby small non-coding RNA molecules target mRNAs to inhibit gene expression.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a tiny ninja that sneaks in to silence the mRNA!",
        "emoji": "🥷"
    },
    {
        "id": 300,
        "topic": "topic64",
        "question": "What are microRNAs?",
        "answer": "<li>MicroRNAs are naturally produced by cells as hairpin structures.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "They’re like little hairpins that hold back the wild mRNA from getting too flashy!",
        "emoji": "💇"
    },
    {
        "id": 301,
        "topic": "topic64",
        "question": "How do microRNAs affect mRNA?",
        "answer": "<li>When miRNA binds to mRNA, it blocks translation of mRNA and sometimes facilitates its degradation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a bouncer at a club—if you don’t have the right ID (mRNA), you’re not getting in!",
        "emoji": "🚷"
    },
    {
        "id": 302,
        "topic": "topic64",
        "question": "What is a consequence of abnormal expression of miRNAs?",
        "answer": "<li>It can contribute to certain malignancies by silencing an mRNA from a tumor suppressor gene.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a sneaky thief silencing the security guard (tumor suppressor) at a bank!",
        "emoji": "🏦"
    },
    {
        "id": 303,
        "topic": "topic64",
        "question": "What is small interfering RNA (siRNA)?",
        "answer": "<li>siRNA is usually derived from an exogenous dsRNA source and requires complete nucleotide pairing for specific mRNA targeting.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "siRNA is like a precision sniper—only hits the exact target!",
        "emoji": "🎯"
    },
    {
        "id": 304,
        "topic": "topic64",
        "question": "What is the result of siRNA action on mRNA?",
        "answer": "<li>It results in mRNA cleavage prior to translation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "siRNA is like a pair of scissors cutting the mRNA before it can make a mess!",
        "emoji": "✂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 305,
        "topic": "topic64",
        "question": "How can siRNA be produced?",
        "answer": "<li>It can be produced by transcription or chemically synthesized for gene “knockdown” experiments.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "siRNA is like a DIY project—you can make it yourself or buy it ready-made!",
        "emoji": "🛠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 306,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is codominance?",
        "answer": "<li>Codominance is when both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the heterozygote.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a pizza with both pepperoni and mushrooms—both toppings are equally delicious!",
        "emoji": "🍕"
    },
    {
        "id": 307,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is variable expressivity?",
        "answer": "<li>Variable expressivity means patients with the same genotype have varying phenotypes.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a family reunion where everyone looks a bit different, even though they share the same genes!",
        "emoji": "👨‍👩‍👧‍👦"
    },
    {
        "id": 308,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is incomplete penetrance?",
        "answer": "<li>Incomplete penetrance means not all individuals with a pathogenic gene variant show the disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a surprise party where not everyone shows up, even though they were invited!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 309,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is pleiotropy?",
        "answer": "<li>Pleiotropy is when one gene contributes to multiple phenotypic effects.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a multi-talented actor who can sing, dance, and act—all from one talent!",
        "emoji": "🎤"
    },
    {
        "id": 310,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is anticipation in genetics?",
        "answer": "<li>Anticipation refers to increased severity or earlier onset of disease in succeeding generations.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a family heirloom that gets more valuable with each generation—just a bit more dramatic!",
        "emoji": "⏳"
    },
    {
        "id": 311,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is loss of heterozygosity?",
        "answer": "<li>Loss of heterozygosity occurs when a patient inherits or develops a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene, requiring the wild type allele to be deleted or mutated before cancer develops.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like losing a backup plan—if the main plan fails, you’re in trouble!",
        "emoji": "⚠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 312,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is epistasis?",
        "answer": "<li>Epistasis is when the allele of one gene affects the phenotypic expression of alleles in another gene.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a director (one gene) telling the actors (other genes) how to perform their roles!",
        "emoji": "🎬"
    },
    {
        "id": 313,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is aneuploidy?",
        "answer": "<li>Aneuploidy is an abnormal number of chromosomes due to chromosomal nondisjunction during mitosis or meiosis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a party where some guests bring extra friends—too many chromosomes crashing the party!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 314,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is a dominant negative mutation?",
        "answer": "<li>A dominant negative mutation exerts a dominant effect by producing a nonfunctional altered protein that prevents the normal gene product from functioning.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a bad actor ruining the whole play for everyone else on stage!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 315,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is linkage disequilibrium?",
        "answer": "<li>Linkage disequilibrium is the tendency for certain alleles to occur in close proximity on the same chromosome more or less often than expected by chance.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like two friends who always sit together in class—more than just coincidence!",
        "emoji": "👯"
    },
    {
        "id": 316,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is mosaicism?",
        "answer": "<li>Mosaicism is the presence of genetically distinct cell lines in the same individual.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a patchwork quilt—different pieces stitched together to make a whole!",
        "emoji": "🧵"
    },
    {
        "id": 317,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is locus heterogeneity?",
        "answer": "<li>Locus heterogeneity occurs when mutations at different loci result in the same disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like different roads leading to the same destination—variety in the journey!",
        "emoji": "🛣️"
    },
    {
        "id": 318,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is allelic heterogeneity?",
        "answer": "<li>Allelic heterogeneity is when different mutations in the same locus result in the same disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like different flavors of ice cream all being called “chocolate”—same name, different tastes!",
        "emoji": "🍦"
    },
    {
        "id": 319,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is heteroplasmy?",
        "answer": "<li>Heteroplasmy is the presence of both normal and mutated mtDNA, resulting in variable expression in mitochondrially inherited disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a mixed bag of candies—some sweet, some sour, all in one!",
        "emoji": "🍬"
    },
    {
        "id": 320,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is uniparental disomy?",
        "answer": "<li>Uniparental disomy occurs when offspring receives 2 copies of a chromosome from one parent and no copies from the other parent.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like getting two birthday presents from one grandparent and none from the other—lopsided gifting!",
        "emoji": "🎁"
    },
    {
        "id": 321,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What does heterodisomy indicate?",
        "answer": "<li>Heterodisomy indicates a meiosis I error.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like mixing up your socks—one from each pair instead of two matching ones!",
        "emoji": "🧦"
    },
    {
        "id": 322,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What does isodisomy indicate?",
        "answer": "<li>Isodisomy indicates a meiosis II error or postzygotic chromosomal duplication of one of a pair of chromosomes, and loss of the other of the original pair.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like having two of the same sock and losing the other—now you have a matching pair!",
        "emoji": "🧦"
    },
    {
        "id": 323,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What is the significance of uniparental disomy in terms of phenotype?",
        "answer": "<li>Most occurrences of uniparental disomy (UPD) result in a normal phenotype.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like getting a surprise gift that turns out to be just what you wanted—no issues!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 324,
        "topic": "topic65",
        "question": "What are examples of conditions associated with uniparental disomy?",
        "answer": "<li>Examples include Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of them as two sides of the same coin—both unique but related!",
        "emoji": "🪙"
    },
    {
        "id": 325,
        "topic": "topic66",
        "question": "What is the bottleneck effect?",
        "answer": "<li>The bottleneck effect occurs when a natural disaster removes certain alleles by chance, leading to a new allelic frequency.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a party where half the guests leave suddenly—only a few remain to tell the tale!",
        "emoji": "🍾"
    },
    {
        "id": 326,
        "topic": "topic66",
        "question": "What is natural selection?",
        "answer": "<li>Natural selection is the process where alleles that increase species fitness are more likely to be passed down to offspring.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like the survival of the fittest in a race—only the fastest get to the finish line!",
        "emoji": "🏁"
    },
    {
        "id": 327,
        "topic": "topic66",
        "question": "What is genetic drift?",
        "answer": "<li>Genetic drift, also called allelic drift or Wright effect, is a dramatic shift in allelic frequency that occurs by chance, not by natural selection.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a game of musical chairs—sometimes you just end up in a different spot by luck!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 328,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle state about allele and genotype frequencies in a population?",
        "answer": "<li>In a given population where mating is at random, allele and genotype frequencies will be constant.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a party where everyone keeps dancing the same way—no new moves!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 329,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "What do p and q represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle?",
        "answer": "<li>p and q represent the frequencies of alleles A and a in a population, respectively.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "p is for \"party\" allele A, and q is for \"quiet\" allele a!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 330,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "What is the equation that represents the relationship between p and q?",
        "answer": "<li>The equation is p + q = 1.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "p and q are like two friends who always add up to one—never more, never less!",
        "emoji": "➕"
    },
    {
        "id": 331,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "What does p² represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle?",
        "answer": "<li>p² represents the frequency of homozygosity for allele A.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "p² is like a pair of peas in a pod—both are A!",
        "emoji": "🌱"
    },
    {
        "id": 332,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "What does q² represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle?",
        "answer": "<li>q² represents the frequency of homozygosity for allele a.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "q² is like a quiet couple in a corner—both are a!",
        "emoji": "🤫"
    },
    {
        "id": 333,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "What does 2pq represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle?",
        "answer": "<li>2pq represents the frequency of heterozygosity (carrier frequency, if an autosomal recessive disease).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "2pq is like a duet—one A and one a singing together!",
        "emoji": "🎤"
    },
    {
        "id": 334,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "What is the sum of the frequencies of the genotypes in the Hardy-Weinberg principle?",
        "answer": "<li>The sum is p² + 2pq + q² = 1.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Just like a balanced diet, all parts must add up to one!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 335,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "How is the frequency of an X-linked recessive disease expressed in males and females?",
        "answer": "<li>The frequency in males is q, and in females, it is q².</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Males are like solo acts (just q), while females need a duet (q²) to show the disease!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 336,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg law?",
        "answer": "<li>The assumptions include no mutation, no natural selection, completely random mating, no net migration, and a large population.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a perfect party with no surprises—everyone's invited, and no one changes the music!",
        "emoji": "🎊"
    },
    {
        "id": 337,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "What happens to the values of p and q if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?",
        "answer": "<li>The values of p and q remain constant from generation to generation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Like a well-oiled machine, everything stays in place!",
        "emoji": "⚙️"
    },
    {
        "id": 338,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "In rare autosomal recessive diseases, what is the approximate value of p?",
        "answer": "<li>In rare autosomal recessive diseases, p ≈ 1.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "p is like a superhero—always around when you need it!",
        "emoji": "🦸"
    },
    {
        "id": 339,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "What is the prevalence of cystic fibrosis in the US, and how does it relate to q²?",
        "answer": "<li>The prevalence is approximately 1/3200, which tells us that q² = 1/3200.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cystic fibrosis is like a rare collectible—hard to find but valuable!",
        "emoji": "🏆"
    },
    {
        "id": 340,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "How do you calculate q from the prevalence of cystic fibrosis?",
        "answer": "<li>q is calculated as q ≈ 0.017 or 1.7% of the population.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Finding q is like finding a needle in a haystack—rare but possible!",
        "emoji": "🧷"
    },
    {
        "id": 341,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "How do you calculate p from q in the context of cystic fibrosis?",
        "answer": "<li>Since p + q = 1, p = 1 – √(1/3200) ≈ 0.982.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "p is like the last piece of a puzzle—always fits perfectly!",
        "emoji": "🧩"
    },
    {
        "id": 342,
        "topic": "topic67",
        "question": "What is the heterozygous carrier frequency for cystic fibrosis?",
        "answer": "<li>The heterozygous carrier frequency is 2pq = 0.035 or 3.5% of the population.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Carriers are like secret agents—hidden but crucial to the mission!",
        "emoji": "🕵️"
    },
    {
        "id": 343,
        "topic": "topic68",
        "question": "What occurs in disorders of imprinting?",
        "answer": "<li>One gene copy is silenced by methylation, and only the other copy is expressed, leading to parent-of-origin effects.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a game of hide and seek—one gene is hiding while the other plays!",
        "emoji": "🙈"
    },
    {
        "id": 344,
        "topic": "topic68",
        "question": "What happens if the expressed copy in imprinting is mutated?",
        "answer": "<li>The expressed copy may be mutated, may not be expressed, or may be deleted altogether.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a broken toy—sometimes it just doesn't work!",
        "emoji": "🧸"
    },
    {
        "id": 345,
        "topic": "topic68",
        "question": "What is Prader-Willi syndrome characterized by?",
        "answer": "<li>Prader-Willi syndrome is characterized by hyperphagia, obesity, intellectual disability, hypogonadism, and hypotonia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a party where everyone eats too much and forgets their manners!",
        "emoji": "🍰"
    },
    {
        "id": 346,
        "topic": "topic68",
        "question": "What is Angelman syndrome characterized by?",
        "answer": "<li>Angelman syndrome is characterized by hand-flapping, ataxia, severe intellectual disability, inappropriate laughter, and seizures.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a comedy show gone wrong—lots of laughs but no control!",
        "emoji": "😂"
    },
    {
        "id": 347,
        "topic": "topic68",
        "question": "Which gene is silent in Prader-Willi syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Maternally derived genes are silenced in Prader-Willi syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a mom saying, \"Not today, my genes are on a break!\"",
        "emoji": "🛌"
    },
    {
        "id": 348,
        "topic": "topic68",
        "question": "What causes the disease in Prader-Willi syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>The disease occurs when the paternal allele is deleted or mutated.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like losing the dad joke book—no more laughs!",
        "emoji": "📚"
    },
    {
        "id": 349,
        "topic": "topic68",
        "question": "Which gene is silent in Angelman syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Paternally derived UBE3A is silenced in Angelman syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like dad's jokes being on mute—no punchlines allowed!",
        "emoji": "🤐"
    },
    {
        "id": 350,
        "topic": "topic68",
        "question": "What causes the disease in Angelman syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>The disease occurs when the maternal allele is deleted or mutated.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like losing mom's secret recipe—no more family dinners!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 351,
        "topic": "topic68",
        "question": "What chromosome is involved in Prader-Willi syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Chromosome 15 of paternal origin is involved in Prader-Willi syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a family reunion on chromosome 15—dad's side is missing!",
        "emoji": "🧬"
    },
    {
        "id": 352,
        "topic": "topic68",
        "question": "What chromosome is involved in Angelman syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>UBE3A on the maternal copy of chromosome 15 is involved in Angelman syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a family tree where mom's side is the star!",
        "emoji": "🌳"
    },
    {
        "id": 353,
        "topic": "topic68",
        "question": "What percentage of Prader-Willi syndrome cases are due to maternal uniparental disomy?",
        "answer": "<li>25% of cases are due to maternal uniparental disomy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a quarter of the pie—just enough to share!",
        "emoji": "🥧"
    },
    {
        "id": 354,
        "topic": "topic68",
        "question": "What percentage of Prader-Willi syndrome cases are due to paternal uniparental disomy?",
        "answer": "<li>5% of cases are due to paternal uniparental disomy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Just a tiny slice of the pie—like a crumb left behind!",
        "emoji": "🍰"
    },
    {
        "id": 355,
        "topic": "topic69",
        "question": "What is a characteristic of autosomal dominant inheritance?",
        "answer": "<li>Autosomal dominant inheritance often involves defects in structural genes and affects many generations.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a family heirloom—passed down through the generations!",
        "emoji": "👑"
    },
    {
        "id": 356,
        "topic": "topic69",
        "question": "What is the chance of a child being affected if one parent is heterozygous in autosomal dominant inheritance?",
        "answer": "<li>Each child has a 50% chance of being affected.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like flipping a coin—heads you’re affected, tails you’re not!",
        "emoji": "🪙"
    },
    {
        "id": 357,
        "topic": "topic69",
        "question": "What is a common feature of autosomal recessive inheritance?",
        "answer": "<li>Autosomal recessive inheritance often involves enzyme deficiencies and is usually seen in only one generation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a secret club—only a few get in!",
        "emoji": "🔑"
    },
    {
        "id": 358,
        "topic": "topic69",
        "question": "What is the probability of a child being affected with two carrier parents in autosomal recessive inheritance?",
        "answer": "<li>Each child has a 25% chance of being affected, 50% chance of being a carrier, and 25% chance of not being affected nor a carrier.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a lottery—only a few win the jackpot!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 359,
        "topic": "topic69",
        "question": "What is the risk in consanguineous families for autosomal recessive disorders?",
        "answer": "<li>The risk is higher in consanguineous families.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a family reunion where everyone is related—more chances to win the genetic lottery!",
        "emoji": "👪"
    },
    {
        "id": 360,
        "topic": "topic69",
        "question": "What is the probability of an unaffected individual with an affected sibling being a carrier?",
        "answer": "<li>The probability is 2/3 of being a carrier.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like having a 2 out of 3 chance to find a hidden treasure!",
        "emoji": "🗺️"
    },
    {
        "id": 361,
        "topic": "topic69",
        "question": "What is a characteristic of X-linked recessive inheritance?",
        "answer": "<li>Sons of heterozygous mothers have a 50% chance of being affected, and there is no male-to-male transmission.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a game of tag—only the boys can get tagged by their moms!",
        "emoji": "🏷️"
    },
    {
        "id": 362,
        "topic": "topic69",
        "question": "How does X-linked recessive inheritance typically present in females?",
        "answer": "<li>Females usually must be homozygous to be affected.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like needing both tickets to get into the concert—one won't do!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 363,
        "topic": "topic69",
        "question": "What is a characteristic of X-linked dominant inheritance?",
        "answer": "<li>Children of affected mothers each have a 50% chance of being affected, while 100% of daughters and 0% of sons of affected fathers will be affected.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a family VIP pass—daughters get in, but sons are left outside!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 364,
        "topic": "topic69",
        "question": "What are some examples of X-linked dominant disorders?",
        "answer": "<li>Examples include fragile X syndrome, Alport syndrome, and hypophosphatemic rickets.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a trio of trouble—each with its own unique twist!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 365,
        "topic": "topic69",
        "question": "What is a characteristic of mitochondrial inheritance?",
        "answer": "<li>Mitochondrial inheritance is transmitted only through the mother, and all offspring of affected females may show signs of disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a family recipe passed down only from mom—everyone gets a taste!",
        "emoji": "🍲"
    },
    {
        "id": 366,
        "topic": "topic69",
        "question": "What causes variable expression in mitochondrial inheritance?",
        "answer": "<li>Variable expression is due to heteroplasmy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a mixed bag of candies—some are sweet, some are sour!",
        "emoji": "🍬"
    },
    {
        "id": 367,
        "topic": "topic70",
        "question": "What are some examples of autosomal dominant diseases?",
        "answer": "<li>Examples include achondroplasia, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, familial adenomatous polyposis, and hereditary spherocytosis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of \"Dominant Achievers\" who always get the spotlight, just like these diseases!",
        "emoji": "🌟"
    },
    {
        "id": 368,
        "topic": "topic70",
        "question": "What is hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia also known as?",
        "answer": "<li>It is also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Remember it as \"Osler's Web\" where blood vessels get tangled!",
        "emoji": "🕸️"
    },
    {
        "id": 369,
        "topic": "topic70",
        "question": "Which disease is characterized by the presence of multiple endocrine neoplasias?",
        "answer": "<li>Multiple endocrine neoplasias is an autosomal dominant disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as \"Endocrine Party\" where multiple glands are invited!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 370,
        "topic": "topic71",
        "question": "What type of genetic defects mostly characterize autosomal recessive diseases?",
        "answer": "<li>They mostly consist of enzyme defects.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Enzymes are like the workers in a factory; without them, production halts!",
        "emoji": "🏭"
    },
    {
        "id": 371,
        "topic": "topic71",
        "question": "Name a common autosomal recessive disease that results from a defect in the CFTR gene.",
        "answer": "<li>Cystic fibrosis is a common autosomal recessive disease caused by a defect in the CFTR gene.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cystic fibrosis is like a \"Cystic Fiasco\" in the lungs!",
        "emoji": "💨"
    },
    {
        "id": 372,
        "topic": "topic72",
        "question": "What is the genetic defect associated with cystic fibrosis?",
        "answer": "<li>It is a defect in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7, specifically a deletion known as ΔF508.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "ΔF508 sounds like a \"Delta Flight\" that never takes off due to a missing part!",
        "emoji": "✈️"
    },
    {
        "id": 373,
        "topic": "topic72",
        "question": "Why is cystic fibrosis considered the most common lethal genetic disease in patients with European ancestry?",
        "answer": "<li>Because it has a high prevalence in this population due to historical genetic factors.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a \"European Genetic Club\" with a not-so-fun membership!",
        "emoji": "🏴‍☠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 374,
        "topic": "topic73",
        "question": "What does the CFTR protein do in the body?",
        "answer": "<li>CFTR encodes an ATP-gated Cl− channel that secretes Cl− in the lungs and GI tract and reabsorbs Cl− in sweat glands.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "CFTR is like a \"Cl-ub\" bouncer, controlling who gets in and out!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 375,
        "topic": "topic73",
        "question": "What happens when there is a Phe508 deletion in the CFTR gene?",
        "answer": "<li>It leads to a misfolded protein, improper protein trafficking, and absence of the protein from the cell membrane.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a \"misfit protein\" that can't find its way to the party!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 376,
        "topic": "topic74",
        "question": "How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed?",
        "answer": "<li>Diagnosis can be made through a pilocarpine-induced sweat test measuring Cl− concentration.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the sweat test as a \"Cl-assic\" way to find out if you have CF!",
        "emoji": "💧"
    },
    {
        "id": 377,
        "topic": "topic74",
        "question": "What can be a complication of cystic fibrosis related to electrolyte imbalances?",
        "answer": "<li>It can present with contraction alkalosis and hypokalemia due to ECF H2O/Na+ losses via sweating.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a \"sweaty situation\" where you lose more than just water!",
        "emoji": "🏋️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 378,
        "topic": "topic75",
        "question": "What are some common complications of cystic fibrosis?",
        "answer": "<li>Complications include recurrent pulmonary infections, chronic bronchitis, pancreatic insufficiency, and infertility in males.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "CF is like a \"complication buffet\" where you get a little bit of everything!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 379,
        "topic": "topic75",
        "question": "What is a classic respiratory complication seen in cystic fibrosis patients?",
        "answer": "<li>Recurrent pulmonary infections, particularly with S. aureus in infancy and P. aeruginosa in adulthood.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as \"S. aureus and P. aeruginosa\" being the uninvited guests at the lung party!",
        "emoji": "🎊"
    },
    {
        "id": 380,
        "topic": "topic76",
        "question": "What are some treatments for cystic fibrosis?",
        "answer": "<li>Treatments include chest physiotherapy, aerosolized dornase alfa, inhaled hypertonic saline, and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Treating CF is like a \"team effort\" with multiple players on the field!",
        "emoji": "🏆"
    },
    {
        "id": 381,
        "topic": "topic76",
        "question": "What role do CFTR modulators play in cystic fibrosis treatment?",
        "answer": "<li>CFTR modulators can be used to enhance the function of the CFTR protein, either as potentiators or correctors.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of CFTR modulators as \"protein personal trainers\" helping CFTR get in shape!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 382,
        "topic": "topic77",
        "question": "What are some examples of X-linked recessive diseases?",
        "answer": "<li>Examples include Bruton agammaglobulinemia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and hemophilia A and B.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "X-linked diseases are like \"X marks the spot\" for hidden treasures of genetic disorders!",
        "emoji": "🗺️"
    },
    {
        "id": 383,
        "topic": "topic77",
        "question": "What is the significance of X-inactivation (lyonization) in females?",
        "answer": "<li>It leads to the random deactivation of one X chromosome, which can affect the expression of X-linked recessive diseases.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a \"coin toss\" deciding which X gets to shine!",
        "emoji": "🪙"
    },
    {
        "id": 384,
        "topic": "topic78",
        "question": "What is the genetic cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?",
        "answer": "<li>It is typically due to frameshift deletions or nonsense mutations in the dystrophin gene.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Duchenne is like \"Dude, where's my dystrophin?\" because it's missing!",
        "emoji": "🤷‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 385,
        "topic": "topic78",
        "question": "What is a classic sign of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?",
        "answer": "<li>Gowers sign, where the patient uses their hands to help stand up.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Gowers sign is like a \"handy helper\" for getting up from the floor!",
        "emoji": "🖐️"
    },
    {
        "id": 386,
        "topic": "topic78",
        "question": "How does Becker muscular dystrophy differ from Duchenne muscular dystrophy?",
        "answer": "<li>Becker muscular dystrophy is due to non-frameshift deletions in the dystrophin gene and is less severe than Duchenne.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Becker is like the \"chill cousin\" of Duchenne, still in the family but not as intense!",
        "emoji": "😎"
    },
    {
        "id": 387,
        "topic": "topic79",
        "question": "What is the genetic cause of myotonic dystrophy?",
        "answer": "<li>It is caused by a CTG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the DMPK gene.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Myotonic dystrophy is like a \"muscle party\" that just won't stop dancing!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 388,
        "topic": "topic79",
        "question": "What are some symptoms of myotonic dystrophy?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include percussion myotonia, muscle wasting, cataracts, and testicular atrophy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Myotonic dystrophy is like a \"muscle mystery\" with a twist of unexpected symptoms!",
        "emoji": "🕵️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 389,
        "topic": "topic80",
        "question": "What are mitochondrial diseases?",
        "answer": "<li>Rare disorders arising due to failure in oxidative phosphorylation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of mitochondria as the power plants of the cell; when they fail, it's like a blackout in the body!",
        "emoji": "⚡"
    },
    {
        "id": 390,
        "topic": "topic80",
        "question": "Which tissues are preferentially affected by mitochondrial diseases?",
        "answer": "<li>Tissues with high energy requirements, such as the CNS and skeletal muscle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "High-energy tissues are like the party animals of the body; they need constant power to keep the fun going!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 391,
        "topic": "topic80",
        "question": "What are mitochondrial myopathies?",
        "answer": "<li>Disorders that include MELAS and MERRF, characterized by muscle weakness and other symptoms.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Mitochondrial myopathies are like the \"muscle misfits\" of the body, struggling to keep up with energy demands!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 392,
        "topic": "topic80",
        "question": "What does MELAS stand for?",
        "answer": "<li>Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "MELAS sounds like a fancy drink, but it’s actually a serious condition that leaves you feeling drained!",
        "emoji": "🍹"
    },
    {
        "id": 393,
        "topic": "topic80",
        "question": "What are ragged red fibers?",
        "answer": "<li>They are seen in mitochondrial myopathies due to compensatory proliferation of mitochondria.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Ragged red fibers are like the \"raggedy Andy\" of muscle fibers, trying to keep up with energy demands!",
        "emoji": "🧸"
    },
    {
        "id": 394,
        "topic": "topic80",
        "question": "What is Leber hereditary optic neuropathy?",
        "answer": "<li>A condition caused by mutations in complex I of the electron transport chain leading to vision loss.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Leber's is like a bad Wi-Fi connection for your eyes; it just can't keep the signal strong!",
        "emoji": "👁️"
    },
    {
        "id": 395,
        "topic": "topic80",
        "question": "What is the typical age of onset for vision loss in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy?",
        "answer": "<li>Subacute bilateral vision loss typically occurs in teens and young adults.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Losing your vision in your teens is like a surprise pop quiz you never studied for!",
        "emoji": "📚"
    },
    {
        "id": 396,
        "topic": "topic81",
        "question": "What causes Rett syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>It is caused by a de novo mutation of the MECP2 gene on the X chromosome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Rett syndrome is like a surprise twist in a movie plot; it changes everything after a seemingly normal start!",
        "emoji": "🎬"
    },
    {
        "id": 397,
        "topic": "topic81",
        "question": "Who is primarily affected by Rett syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>It is mostly seen in females and is embryonically lethal in males.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Rett syndrome is like a girls' club that boys just can't join—it's a tough crowd!",
        "emoji": "🚺"
    },
    {
        "id": 398,
        "topic": "topic81",
        "question": "What are some symptoms of Rett syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include regression in motor, verbal, and cognitive abilities, ataxia, seizures, scoliosis, and stereotypic hand-wringing.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of Rett syndrome as a game of \"Simon Says\" gone wrong; you start off well but then can’t follow the rules anymore!",
        "emoji": "🙈"
    },
    {
        "id": 399,
        "topic": "topic82",
        "question": "What type of inheritance pattern does Fragile X syndrome follow?",
        "answer": "<li>It follows X-linked (atypical) inheritance.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Fragile X is like a family heirloom that only the girls can inherit—boys just can’t hold onto it!",
        "emoji": "👗"
    },
    {
        "id": 400,
        "topic": "topic82",
        "question": "What genetic change is associated with Fragile X syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Trinucleotide repeats in the FMR1 gene lead to hypermethylation of cytosine residues and reduced expression.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Fragile X is like a broken record; it keeps repeating itself until it just can’t play anymore!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 401,
        "topic": "topic82",
        "question": "What is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability?",
        "answer": "<li>Fragile X syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Fragile X is the \"king\" of inherited intellectual disabilities, wearing a crown made of CGG repeats!",
        "emoji": "👑"
    },
    {
        "id": 402,
        "topic": "topic82",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of full mutation Fragile X syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include postpubertal macroorchidism, long face with large jaw, large everted ears, autism, mitral valve prolapse, and hypermobile joints.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Full mutation Fragile X is like a tall tale; it just keeps getting bigger and bigger!",
        "emoji": "📏"
    },
    {
        "id": 403,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "What is genetic anticipation in trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases?",
        "answer": "<li>It refers to the phenomenon where disease severity and age of onset increase in successive generations.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Genetic anticipation is like a family tradition of getting older faster—everyone seems to age in dog years!",
        "emoji": "🐶"
    },
    {
        "id": 404,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "What trinucleotide repeat is associated with Huntington disease?",
        "answer": "<li>(CAG)n.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Huntington's is like a \"CAG\" party where everyone is dancing to the same tune of neurodegeneration!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 405,
        "topic": "topic83",
        "question": "What are the key features of myotonic dystrophy?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include cataracts, early balding in males, gonadal atrophy in males, and reduced fertility in females.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Myotonic dystrophy is like a bad hair day that lasts forever—cataracts and baldness included!",
        "emoji": "💇"
    },
    {
        "id": 406,
        "topic": "topic84",
        "question": "What are the most common autosomal trisomies?",
        "answer": "<li>Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of trisomies as a party where Down syndrome is the life of the party, while Edwards and Patau are just trying to keep up!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 407,
        "topic": "topic84",
        "question": "What is a key finding in Down syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>A single palmar crease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "A single palmar crease is like a unique fingerprint; it’s a special mark of Down syndrome!",
        "emoji": "🖐️"
    },
    {
        "id": 408,
        "topic": "topic84",
        "question": "What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Meiotic nondisjunction, particularly during meiosis I.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Meiotic nondisjunction is like a game of musical chairs gone wrong; someone always ends up without a seat!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 409,
        "topic": "topic84",
        "question": "What are the 5 A's of Down syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Advanced maternal age, atresia (duodenal), atrioventricular septal defect, Alzheimer disease (early onset), and AML/ALL.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The 5 A's of Down syndrome are like a checklist for a party; make sure you have all the essentials!",
        "emoji": "✅"
    },
    {
        "id": 410,
        "topic": "topic84",
        "question": "What are the findings associated with Edwards syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Findings include prominent occiput, rocker-bottom feet, intellectual disability, clenched fists, low-set ears, and congenital heart disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Edwards syndrome is like a royal ball where everyone is dressed in a very specific way—no one can miss those rocker-bottom feet!",
        "emoji": "👑"
    },
    {
        "id": 411,
        "topic": "topic84",
        "question": "What is a key finding in Patau syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Cutis aplasia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cutis aplasia is like a bad haircut; it just leaves a patchy mess on the head!",
        "emoji": "✂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 412,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "What genetic disorder is associated with chromosome 3?",
        "answer": "<li>von Hippel-Lindau disease and renal cell carcinoma.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of a \"V\" for von Hippel and \"R\" for renal, like a VIP room for kidney issues!",
        "emoji": "🏥"
    },
    {
        "id": 413,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "Which genetic disorders are linked to chromosome 4?",
        "answer": "<li>ADPKD (PKD2), achondroplasia, and Huntington disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "4 is for \"ADPKD\" and \"A\" for achondroplasia, like a quartet of genetic disorders!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 414,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "What disorders are associated with chromosome 5?",
        "answer": "<li>Cri-du-chat syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "5 sounds like \"cry,\" so think of a cat crying for Cri-du-chat!",
        "emoji": "🐱"
    },
    {
        "id": 415,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "Which disorder is linked to chromosome 6?",
        "answer": "<li>Hemochromatosis (HFE).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "6 is for \"H\" in Hemochromatosis, like a heavy metal band!",
        "emoji": "🎸"
    },
    {
        "id": 416,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "What genetic disorders are associated with chromosome 7?",
        "answer": "<li>Williams syndrome and cystic fibrosis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "7 is lucky, but not for those with cystic fibrosis!",
        "emoji": "🍀"
    },
    {
        "id": 417,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "Which disorders are linked to chromosome 9?",
        "answer": "<li>Friedreich ataxia and tuberous sclerosis (TSC1).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "9 is for \"Friedrich,\" like a German chef who can't keep his balance!",
        "emoji": "👨‍🍳"
    },
    {
        "id": 418,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "What disorders are associated with chromosome 11?",
        "answer": "<li>Wilms tumor, β-globin gene defects (e.g., sickle cell disease, β-thalassemia), and MEN1.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "11 is for \"Wilms,\" like a twin who has a tumor!",
        "emoji": "👯"
    },
    {
        "id": 419,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "Which genetic disorders are linked to chromosome 13?",
        "answer": "<li>Patau syndrome, Wilson disease, retinoblastoma (RB1), and BRCA2.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "13 is unlucky for some, especially with Patau syndrome!",
        "emoji": "🍀"
    },
    {
        "id": 420,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "What disorders are associated with chromosome 15?",
        "answer": "<li>Prader-Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Marfan syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "15 is for \"P\" and \"A,\" like a pair of friends with genetic quirks!",
        "emoji": "👯"
    },
    {
        "id": 421,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "Which disorders are linked to chromosome 16?",
        "answer": "<li>ADPKD (PKD1), α-globin gene defects (e.g., α-thalassemia), and tuberous sclerosis (TSC2).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "16 is for \"ADPKD,\" like a double dose of kidney issues!",
        "emoji": "🥤"
    },
    {
        "id": 422,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "What genetic disorders are associated with chromosome 17?",
        "answer": "<li>Neurofibromatosis type 1, BRCA1, and TP53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "17 is for \"N\" in Neurofibromatosis, like a nerve-wracking situation!",
        "emoji": "😱"
    },
    {
        "id": 423,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "What disorder is linked to chromosome 18?",
        "answer": "<li>Edwards syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "18 is for \"E\" in Edwards, like an \"E\" for effort in genetics!",
        "emoji": "🏆"
    },
    {
        "id": 424,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "Which disorder is associated with chromosome 21?",
        "answer": "<li>Down syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "21 is for \"Down,\" like a slide that goes down!",
        "emoji": "⬇️"
    },
    {
        "id": 425,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "What disorders are linked to chromosome 22?",
        "answer": "<li>Neurofibromatosis type 2 and DiGeorge syndrome (22q11).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "22 is for \"D\" in DiGeorge, like a double dose of genetic surprises!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 426,
        "topic": "topic85",
        "question": "What genetic disorders are associated with the X chromosome?",
        "answer": "<li>Fragile X syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, and Klinefelter syndrome (XXY).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "X marks the spot for fragile genes, like a treasure map gone wrong!",
        "emoji": "🗺️"
    },
    {
        "id": 427,
        "topic": "topic86",
        "question": "What is a Robertsonian translocation?",
        "answer": "<li>A chromosomal translocation that commonly involves chromosome pairs 21, 22, 13, 14, and 15.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a \"robbing\" of chromosome pairs, like a heist in genetics!",
        "emoji": "🏴‍☠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 428,
        "topic": "topic86",
        "question": "What happens during a Robertsonian translocation?",
        "answer": "<li>The long arms of 2 acrocentric chromosomes fuse at the centromere, and the 2 short arms are lost.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a long arm wrestling match where the short arms just disappear!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 429,
        "topic": "topic86",
        "question": "What are balanced translocations?",
        "answer": "<li>Balanced translocations involve no gain or loss of significant genetic material and normally do not cause an abnormal phenotype.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Balanced is like a tightrope walker, no extra weight on either side!",
        "emoji": "🎪"
    },
    {
        "id": 430,
        "topic": "topic86",
        "question": "What are unbalanced translocations?",
        "answer": "<li>Unbalanced translocations involve missing or extra genes and can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, and chromosomal imbalance.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Unbalanced is like a seesaw with one side too heavy, causing a crash!",
        "emoji": "⚖️"
    },
    {
        "id": 431,
        "topic": "topic87",
        "question": "What is Cri-du-chat syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>A congenital deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5 (46,XX or XY, 5p−).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cri-du-chat means \"cry of the cat,\" so think of a cat with a sore throat!",
        "emoji": "🐈"
    },
    {
        "id": 432,
        "topic": "topic87",
        "question": "What are the findings associated with Cri-du-chat syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Findings include microcephaly, moderate to severe intellectual disability, high-pitched crying, epicanthal folds, and cardiac abnormalities (VSD).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Microcephaly and high-pitched crying? Sounds like a cat with a megaphone!",
        "emoji": "📣"
    },
    {
        "id": 433,
        "topic": "topic88",
        "question": "What is Williams syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>A congenital microdeletion of the long arm of chromosome 7, including the elastin gene.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Williams sounds like a friendly elf, and they have \"elfin\" facies!",
        "emoji": "🧚"
    },
    {
        "id": 434,
        "topic": "topic88",
        "question": "What are the findings associated with Williams syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Findings include distinctive “elfin” facies, intellectual disability, hypercalcemia, well-developed verbal skills, extreme friendliness with strangers, and cardiovascular problems.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Williams is so friendly, he could charm the socks off a statue!",
        "emoji": "🧦"
    },
    {
        "id": 435,
        "topic": "topic89",
        "question": "What are essential fatty acids?",
        "answer": "<li>Polyunsaturated fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in the body and must be provided in the diet.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Essential fatty acids are like VIP guests at a party; they can't get in without an invite!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 436,
        "topic": "topic89",
        "question": "What is linoleic acid (omega-6) metabolized to?",
        "answer": "<li>Linoleic acid is metabolized to arachidonic acid, which serves as the precursor to leukotrienes and prostaglandins.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of linoleic acid as the \"lineman\" setting up the play for leukotrienes!",
        "emoji": "🏈"
    },
    {
        "id": 437,
        "topic": "topic89",
        "question": "What are the effects of linolenic acid (omega-3) and its metabolites?",
        "answer": "<li>They have cardioprotective and antihyperlipidemic effects.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Omega-3s are like heart superheroes, fighting off cholesterol villains!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 438,
        "topic": "topic89",
        "question": "What is the effect of trans-unsaturated fatty acids?",
        "answer": "<li>They promote cardiovascular disease by increasing LDL and decreasing HDL.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Trans fats are like party crashers, ruining the cardiovascular bash!",
        "emoji": "🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 439,
        "topic": "topic90",
        "question": "What are the fat-soluble vitamins?",
        "answer": "<li>A, D, E, K.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of \"A Daring Elephant Kicking\" to remember the fat-soluble vitamins!",
        "emoji": "🐘"
    },
    {
        "id": 440,
        "topic": "topic90",
        "question": "What is the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins dependent on?",
        "answer": "<li>Absorption is dependent on bile emulsification, pancreatic secretions, and an intact ileum.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Fat-soluble vitamins need a \"bile\" of help to get absorbed, like a team effort!",
        "emoji": "🏆"
    },
    {
        "id": 441,
        "topic": "topic90",
        "question": "Why is toxicity more common for fat-soluble vitamins?",
        "answer": "<li>Because fat-soluble vitamins accumulate in fat.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Fat-soluble vitamins are like hoarders; they just can't let go!",
        "emoji": "🏠"
    },
    {
        "id": 442,
        "topic": "topic90",
        "question": "What can cause fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies?",
        "answer": "<li>Malabsorption syndromes with steatorrhea (e.g., cystic fibrosis and celiac disease) or mineral oil intake.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of fat-soluble vitamins as slippery fish that can escape if the water's not right!",
        "emoji": "🐟"
    },
    {
        "id": 443,
        "topic": "topic91",
        "question": "What are the water-soluble vitamins?",
        "answer": "<li>B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate), B12 (cobalamin), and C (ascorbic acid).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Water-soluble vitamins are like fish in a stream; they wash out easily!",
        "emoji": "🐠"
    },
    {
        "id": 444,
        "topic": "topic91",
        "question": "Which water-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver, and for how long?",
        "answer": "<li>B12 is stored for ~3–4 years, and B9 is stored for ~3–4 months.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "B12 is like a long-term tenant in the liver, while B9 is just a short-term visitor!",
        "emoji": "🏡"
    },
    {
        "id": 445,
        "topic": "topic91",
        "question": "What are common symptoms of B-complex deficiencies?",
        "answer": "<li>Dermatitis, glossitis, and diarrhea.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "B-complex deficiencies can make you feel like a \"dermatologist's nightmare!\"",
        "emoji": "😱"
    },
    {
        "id": 446,
        "topic": "topic91",
        "question": "How can water-soluble vitamins function in the body?",
        "answer": "<li>They can be coenzymes (e.g., ascorbic acid) or precursors to coenzymes (e.g., FAD, NAD+).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Water-soluble vitamins are like the sidekicks of enzymes, always ready to help out!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♀️"
    },
    {
        "id": 447,
        "topic": "topic92",
        "question": "What dietary supplementation is required for vegetarians/vegans?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin B12, Iron, Vitamin B2, and frequently Vitamin D.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Vegans need a \"B12\" boost, like a superhero needing their cape!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 448,
        "topic": "topic92",
        "question": "What dietary supplementation is required for those consuming high raw egg whites?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin B7 (biotin) because avidin in egg whites binds biotin and prevents absorption.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Raw egg whites are like a bouncer at the club, keeping biotin out!",
        "emoji": "🚷"
    },
    {
        "id": 449,
        "topic": "topic92",
        "question": "What dietary supplementation is required for untreated corn consumption?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin B3, as deficiency is common in resource-limited areas.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Untreated corn is like a \"no B3 zone,\" leaving you feeling empty!",
        "emoji": "🌽"
    },
    {
        "id": 450,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "What are the forms of Vitamin A?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin A includes retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of Vitamin A as a trio of \"retin-a\" friends who always stick together!",
        "emoji": "🥕"
    },
    {
        "id": 451,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "What is one of the primary functions of Vitamin A?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin A acts as an antioxidant and is a constituent of visual pigments (retinal).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Vitamin A is like a superhero for your eyes, fighting off oxidative villains!",
        "emoji": "👀"
    },
    {
        "id": 452,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "How does Vitamin A affect epithelial cells?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin A is essential for the normal differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Vitamin A helps cells dress up for their special roles, like a costume party for tissues!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 453,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "What condition does Vitamin A prevent?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin A prevents squamous metaplasia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of Vitamin A as the bouncer at the cell club, keeping squamous cells from crashing the party!",
        "emoji": "🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 454,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "Where can Vitamin A be found in the diet?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin A is found in the liver and leafy vegetables.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "If you want to be \"leafy\" and \"lively,\" eat your greens and liver for Vitamin A!",
        "emoji": "🥬"
    },
    {
        "id": 455,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "How can Vitamin A supplementation affect measles patients?",
        "answer": "<li>Supplementation in vitamin A-deficient measles patients may improve outcomes.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Vitamin A is like a secret weapon for measles, boosting the immune system!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 456,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "What is the use of oral isotretinoin?",
        "answer": "<li>Oral isotretinoin is used to treat severe cystic acne.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Isotretinoin is like a \"clear skin\" potion for those battling acne dragons!",
        "emoji": "🧙‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 457,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "What is all-trans retinoic acid used to treat?",
        "answer": "<li>All-trans retinoic acid is used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of all-trans retinoic acid as a \"leukemia fighter\" in the medical ring!",
        "emoji": "🥊"
    },
    {
        "id": 458,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include night blindness, dry scaly skin, dry eyes, conjunctival squamous metaplasia, Bitot spots, corneal degeneration, and immunosuppression.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Vitamin A deficiency can make you feel like a \"dry-eyed\" zombie with night vision problems!",
        "emoji": "🧟‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 459,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "What is acute toxicity of Vitamin A characterized by?",
        "answer": "<li>Acute toxicity is characterized by nausea, vomiting, and increased intracranial pressure (ICP).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Too much Vitamin A can make you feel like a rollercoaster ride gone wrong—nausea and vertigo included!",
        "emoji": "🎢"
    },
    {
        "id": 460,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "What are the chronic toxicity effects of Vitamin A?",
        "answer": "<li>Chronic toxicity can lead to alopecia, dry skin, hepatic toxicity, arthralgias, and idiopathic intracranial hypertension.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Chronic Vitamin A overload can turn you into a \"dry-skinned\" grumpy cat with a headache!",
        "emoji": "😾"
    },
    {
        "id": 461,
        "topic": "topic93",
        "question": "Why is isotretinoin considered teratogenic?",
        "answer": "<li>Isotretinoin interferes with homeobox genes, leading to cleft palate and cardiac abnormalities.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Isotretinoin is like a \"no-go\" sign for pregnancy—better safe than sorry!",
        "emoji": "🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 462,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "What is another name for Vitamin B1?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin B1 is also called thiamine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of B1 as the \"thiamine team\" ready to energize your metabolism!",
        "emoji": "⚡"
    },
    {
        "id": 463,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "What is the function of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)?",
        "answer": "<li>TPP is a cofactor for several dehydrogenase enzyme reactions.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "TPP is like the \"key\" that unlocks energy production in your cells!",
        "emoji": "🔑"
    },
    {
        "id": 464,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "Which dehydrogenase enzymes require Vitamin B1?",
        "answer": "<li>Enzymes include branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and transketolase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "B1 is the VIP pass for enzymes to the energy production concert!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 465,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "What happens during Vitamin B1 deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>It leads to impaired glucose breakdown and ATP depletion, affecting highly aerobic tissues first.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Without B1, your cells are like cars running out of gas—no energy to go!",
        "emoji": "⛽"
    },
    {
        "id": 466,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "Why should thiamine be given before dextrose in certain patients?",
        "answer": "<li>Thiamine should be given to reduce the risk of precipitating Wernicke encephalopathy in patients with chronic alcohol overuse or malnutrition.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of thiamine as the \"safety net\" before the sugar rush!",
        "emoji": "🛡️"
    },
    {
        "id": 467,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "How is Vitamin B1 deficiency diagnosed?",
        "answer": "<li>Diagnosis is made by an increase in RBC transketolase activity following vitamin B1 administration.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "A \"transketolase test\" is like a pop quiz for your red blood cells to see if they studied B1!",
        "emoji": "📚"
    },
    {
        "id": 468,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of Wernicke encephalopathy?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include confusion, ophthalmoplegia/nystagmus, and ataxia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Wernicke's is like a \"confused party\" where everyone is dizzy and can't find their way!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 469,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "What characterizes Korsakoff syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Korsakoff syndrome is an amnestic disorder due to chronic alcohol overuse, presenting with confabulation, personality changes, and memory loss.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Korsakoff is like a \"memory thief\" that steals your past and replaces it with tall tales!",
        "emoji": "🕵️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 470,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>It is a combination of Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome, involving damage to the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus and mammillary bodies.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Wernicke-Korsakoff is like a two-for-one deal on memory loss and confusion!",
        "emoji": "🛍️"
    },
    {
        "id": 471,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of dry beriberi?",
        "answer": "<li>Dry beriberi is characterized by polyneuropathy and symmetric muscle wasting.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Dry beriberi makes you feel like a \"deflated balloon\"—all the air (muscle) is gone!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 472,
        "topic": "topic94",
        "question": "What is wet beriberi?",
        "answer": "<li>Wet beriberi is characterized by high-output cardiac failure due to systemic vasodilation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Wet beriberi is like a \"flooded engine\"—too much fluid and not enough power!",
        "emoji": "🚤"
    },
    {
        "id": 473,
        "topic": "topic95",
        "question": "What is another name for Vitamin B2?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin B2 is also called riboflavin.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "B2 is like the \"riboflavin rockstar\" of the vitamin world!",
        "emoji": "🎸"
    },
    {
        "id": 474,
        "topic": "topic95",
        "question": "What is the function of riboflavin?",
        "answer": "<li>Riboflavin is a component of flavins FAD and FMN, used as cofactors in redox reactions.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Riboflavin is the \"spark plug\" that ignites energy production in your cells!",
        "emoji": "🔌"
    },
    {
        "id": 475,
        "topic": "topic95",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of Vitamin B2 deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include cheilosis, a \"magenta\" tongue, and corneal vascularization.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "A \"magenta\" tongue is like a fashion statement—just not one you want to show off!",
        "emoji": "👅"
    },
    {
        "id": 476,
        "topic": "topic96",
        "question": "What is another name for Vitamin B3?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin B3 is also called niacin or nicotinic acid.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "B3 is like the \"niacin ninja,\" stealthily helping your body!",
        "emoji": "🥷"
    },
    {
        "id": 477,
        "topic": "topic96",
        "question": "What is the function of niacin?",
        "answer": "<li>Niacin is a constituent of NAD+ and NADP+, used in redox reactions and as a cofactor by dehydrogenases.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Niacin is the \"energy buddy\" that helps your cells get their groove on!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 478,
        "topic": "topic96",
        "question": "How is niacin synthesized in the body?",
        "answer": "<li>Niacin is derived from tryptophan, and its synthesis requires vitamins B2 and B6.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Niacin is like a \"team player,\" needing B2 and B6 to make it happen!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 479,
        "topic": "topic96",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of Vitamin B3 deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include glossitis, diarrhea, dementia, and dermatitis (pellagra).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Pellagra is like a \"triple threat\" of symptoms—diarrhea, dementia, and dermatitis!",
        "emoji": "⚠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 480,
        "topic": "topic96",
        "question": "What is Hartnup disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Hartnup disease is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a deficiency of neutral amino acid transporters, leading to neutral aminoaciduria and symptoms similar to pellagra.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hartnup disease is like a \"traffic jam\" for amino acids—nothing gets through!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 481,
        "topic": "topic96",
        "question": "What are the effects of excess niacin?",
        "answer": "<li>Excess niacin can cause facial flushing, pruritus, hyperglycemia, and hyperuricemia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Too much niacin can make you feel like a \"hot pepper\"—flushed and spicy!",
        "emoji": "🌶️"
    },
    {
        "id": 482,
        "topic": "topic97",
        "question": "What is another name for Vitamin B5?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin B5 is also called pantothenic acid.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "B5 is like the \"pantothenic powerhouse\" of the vitamin family!",
        "emoji": "⚡"
    },
    {
        "id": 483,
        "topic": "topic97",
        "question": "What is the function of pantothenic acid?",
        "answer": "<li>Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A (CoA) and fatty acid synthase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "B5 is the \"fatty acid factory\" worker, helping to build and break down fats!",
        "emoji": "🏭"
    },
    {
        "id": 484,
        "topic": "topic97",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of Vitamin B5 deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, and adrenal insufficiency, which may lead to burning feet syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "A deficiency in B5 can make your feet feel like they're on fire—\"burning feet syndrome\" is no joke!",
        "emoji": "🔥"
    },
    {
        "id": 485,
        "topic": "topic98",
        "question": "What is another name for Vitamin B6?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin B6 is also called pyridoxine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "B6 is like the \"pyridoxine magician,\" transforming nutrients into energy!",
        "emoji": "🎩"
    },
    {
        "id": 486,
        "topic": "topic98",
        "question": "What is the function of pyridoxine?",
        "answer": "<li>Pyridoxine is converted to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), a cofactor used in transamination, decarboxylation reactions, and the synthesis of neurotransmitters.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "B6 is the \"neurotransmitter ninja,\" helping your brain stay sharp and focused!",
        "emoji": "🧠"
    },
    {
        "id": 487,
        "topic": "topic98",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of Vitamin B6 deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, and sideroblastic anemia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "A lack of B6 can make you feel like a \"jumpy cat\"—always on edge!",
        "emoji": "🐱"
    },
    {
        "id": 488,
        "topic": "topic99",
        "question": "What is another name for Vitamin B7?",
        "answer": "<li>Biotin.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of biotin as the \"bi\" in \"biotin\" that helps you \"bi\"g up your energy!",
        "emoji": "🥚"
    },
    {
        "id": 489,
        "topic": "topic99",
        "question": "What is the function of biotin in carboxylation enzymes?",
        "answer": "<li>It acts as a cofactor for carboxylation enzymes that add a 1-carbon group.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Biotin is like a carbon \"addict,\" always looking to add one more carbon to the party!",
        "emoji": "🔗"
    },
    {
        "id": 490,
        "topic": "topic99",
        "question": "Which enzyme converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis?",
        "answer": "<li>Pyruvate carboxylase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Pyruvate is like a pyromaniac, always looking to \"ignite\" new pathways!",
        "emoji": "🔥"
    },
    {
        "id": 491,
        "topic": "topic99",
        "question": "What is the role of acetyl-CoA carboxylase?",
        "answer": "<li>It converts acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA during fatty acid synthesis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Acetyl-CoA is like a chef, cooking up malonyl-CoA for a fatty feast!",
        "emoji": "🍳"
    },
    {
        "id": 492,
        "topic": "topic99",
        "question": "What does propionyl-CoA carboxylase do?",
        "answer": "<li>It converts propionyl-CoA to methylmalonyl-CoA during fatty acid oxidation and branched-chain amino acid breakdown.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Propionyl-CoA is like a propeller, spinning into methylmalonyl-CoA for a smooth ride!",
        "emoji": "🚤"
    },
    {
        "id": 493,
        "topic": "topic99",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of biotin deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Dermatitis, enteritis, and alopecia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of biotin deficiency as a \"hair-raising\" experience with skin that just can't \"enter\" the party!",
        "emoji": "🧑‍🦲"
    },
    {
        "id": 494,
        "topic": "topic99",
        "question": "What can cause biotin deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Long-term antibiotic use or excessive ingestion of raw egg whites.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Raw egg whites are like the \"bad guys\" in the biotin story, always trying to steal the spotlight!",
        "emoji": "🍳"
    },
    {
        "id": 495,
        "topic": "topic100",
        "question": "What is another name for Vitamin B9?",
        "answer": "<li>Folate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Folate is like a \"foliage\" of nutrients, growing strong in leafy greens!",
        "emoji": "🌿"
    },
    {
        "id": 496,
        "topic": "topic100",
        "question": "What is the primary function of folate?",
        "answer": "<li>It is converted to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), a coenzyme for 1-carbon transfer/methylation reactions.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Folate is the \"transfer student\" in the body, always moving 1-carbon groups around!",
        "emoji": "🔄"
    },
    {
        "id": 497,
        "topic": "topic100",
        "question": "Why is folate important for DNA and RNA?",
        "answer": "<li>It is crucial for the synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Folate is like a \"base builder,\" constructing the foundations of our genetic code!",
        "emoji": "🧬"
    },
    {
        "id": 498,
        "topic": "topic100",
        "question": "Where is folate primarily absorbed in the body?",
        "answer": "<li>In the jejunum.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The jejunum is like the \"jeep\" of the digestive system, driving folate to where it needs to go!",
        "emoji": "🚙"
    },
    {
        "id": 499,
        "topic": "topic100",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of folate deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia; hypersegmented PMNs; glossitis; no neurologic symptoms.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Folate deficiency is like a \"macro\" problem with no \"neurologic\" drama—just a big, bloated issue!",
        "emoji": "📉"
    },
    {
        "id": 500,
        "topic": "topic100",
        "question": "What lab findings are associated with folate deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Elevated homocysteine and normal methylmalonic acid levels.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of homocysteine as the \"homerun\" in the lab results, while methylmalonic acid is just \"hanging out\" at home!",
        "emoji": "⚾"
    },
    {
        "id": 501,
        "topic": "topic100",
        "question": "What can cause folate deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Chronic alcohol overuse, certain drugs (e.g., phenytoin, trimethoprim, methotrexate), and inadequate dietary intake.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Folate deficiency is like a \"party crasher\" caused by too much alcohol and uninvited drugs!",
        "emoji": "🍷"
    },
    {
        "id": 502,
        "topic": "topic100",
        "question": "Why is folic acid supplementation important for women planning to conceive?",
        "answer": "<li>It reduces the risk of neural tube defects.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Folic acid is like a \"safety net\" for babies, catching them before they fall into trouble!",
        "emoji": "🍼"
    },
    {
        "id": 503,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "What is another name for Vitamin B12?",
        "answer": "<li>Cobalamin.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cobalamin sounds like a superhero name—\"Cobalamin, the defender of DNA!\"",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 504,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "What is the primary function of Vitamin B12?",
        "answer": "<li>It acts as a cofactor for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, important for DNA synthesis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "B12 is like a \"DNA architect,\" building the blueprints for our genetic structure!",
        "emoji": "🏗️"
    },
    {
        "id": 505,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "Where is Vitamin B12 primarily found?",
        "answer": "<li>In animal products.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "B12 is like a \"meat lover,\" always hanging out with animal products!",
        "emoji": "🍖"
    },
    {
        "id": 506,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "What can cause Vitamin B12 deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Malabsorption, lack of intrinsic factor, absence of terminal ileum, certain drugs, or insufficient intake.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "B12 deficiency is like a \"missing piece\" puzzle—too many factors can leave it incomplete!",
        "emoji": "🧩"
    },
    {
        "id": 507,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia; hypersegmented PMNs; paresthesias; subacute combined degeneration.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "B12 deficiency is like a \"macro\" mess with a side of \"tingly\" feelings!",
        "emoji": "⚠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 508,
        "topic": "topic101",
        "question": "How does folate supplementation affect B12 deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>It can mask the hematologic symptoms but not the neurologic symptoms.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Folate is like a \"disguise\" for B12 deficiency—hiding the blood issues but not the nerve drama!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 509,
        "topic": "topic102",
        "question": "What is another name for Vitamin C?",
        "answer": "<li>Ascorbic acid.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Ascorbic acid is like the \"ascorbic superhero,\" fighting off free radicals!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♀️"
    },
    {
        "id": 510,
        "topic": "topic102",
        "question": "What are the main functions of Vitamin C?",
        "answer": "<li>It acts as an antioxidant, facilitates iron absorption, and is necessary for collagen synthesis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Vitamin C is like a \"collagen coach,\" helping your body build strong tissues!",
        "emoji": "🏋️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 511,
        "topic": "topic102",
        "question": "What is a common symptom of Vitamin C deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Scurvy, which includes swollen gums, easy bruising, and poor wound healing.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Scurvy is like a \"gumboil\" of problems—swollen gums and bruises everywhere!",
        "emoji": "🦷"
    },
    {
        "id": 512,
        "topic": "topic102",
        "question": "What dietary habits can precipitate Vitamin C deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>A tea and toast diet.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "A tea and toast diet is like a \"boring breakfast,\" leaving Vitamin C feeling lonely!",
        "emoji": "🍞"
    },
    {
        "id": 513,
        "topic": "topic102",
        "question": "What are the potential effects of excess Vitamin C?",
        "answer": "<li>Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Too much Vitamin C is like a \"party gone wild,\" leading to a messy aftermath!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 514,
        "topic": "topic102",
        "question": "How does Vitamin C help with methemoglobinemia?",
        "answer": "<li>It reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Vitamin C is like a \"rescue ranger,\" saving iron from its oxidized state!",
        "emoji": "🚑"
    },
    {
        "id": 515,
        "topic": "topic103",
        "question": "What is D3 (cholecalciferol) and how is it obtained?",
        "answer": "<li>D3 (cholecalciferol) is obtained from exposure of skin (stratum basale) to sunlight, ingestion of fish, milk, and plants.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of D3 as the \"sunshine vitamin\" – it’s like getting a vitamin boost from a sunny beach vacation!",
        "emoji": "☀️"
    },
    {
        "id": 516,
        "topic": "topic103",
        "question": "What is D2 (ergocalciferol) and how is it obtained?",
        "answer": "<li>D2 (ergocalciferol) is obtained from the ingestion of plants, fungi, and yeasts.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "D2 is like the \"plant power\" vitamin – it’s what you get when you munch on your greens!",
        "emoji": "🌱"
    },
    {
        "id": 517,
        "topic": "topic103",
        "question": "Where are both D2 and D3 converted in the body?",
        "answer": "<li>Both D2 and D3 are converted to 25-OH D3 (storage form) in the liver and to the active form 1,25-(OH)2 D3 (calcitriol) in the kidney.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the liver as the \"storage warehouse\" and the kidney as the \"activation station\" for vitamin D!",
        "emoji": "🏭"
    },
    {
        "id": 518,
        "topic": "topic103",
        "question": "What is the primary function of vitamin D?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin D facilitates intestinal absorption of Ca2+ and PO4^3–, bone mineralization at low levels, and bone resorption at higher levels.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Vitamin D is like a construction manager for your bones, making sure they get the right materials!",
        "emoji": "🏗️"
    },
    {
        "id": 519,
        "topic": "topic103",
        "question": "What dietary component is a precursor to vitamin D?",
        "answer": "<li>7-dehydrocholesterol is a precursor to vitamin D.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of 7-dehydrocholesterol as the \"starter kit\" for building vitamin D!",
        "emoji": "🛠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 520,
        "topic": "topic103",
        "question": "What regulates the production of 1,25-(OH)2D3?",
        "answer": "<li>PTH, Ca2+, and PO4^3– levels regulate the production of 1,25-(OH)2D3.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Remember, PTH is like the boss that says, \"Let’s make more vitamin D!\" when calcium is low!",
        "emoji": "👔"
    },
    {
        "id": 521,
        "topic": "topic103",
        "question": "What are the consequences of vitamin D deficiency in children?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin D deficiency in children can lead to rickets, characterized by deformities such as genu varum (bowlegs).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Rickets makes kids' legs look like they’re trying to do the limbo – too low to the ground!",
        "emoji": "🤸"
    },
    {
        "id": 522,
        "topic": "topic103",
        "question": "What are the consequences of vitamin D deficiency in adults?",
        "answer": "<li>In adults, vitamin D deficiency can cause osteomalacia, resulting in bone pain and muscle weakness.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Osteomalacia is like your bones saying, \"We need a vitamin D vacation!\"",
        "emoji": "🏖️"
    },
    {
        "id": 523,
        "topic": "topic103",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of vitamin D excess?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms of vitamin D excess include hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, loss of appetite, and stupor.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Too much vitamin D is like having a party where everyone eats too much cake – it gets messy!",
        "emoji": "🎂"
    },
    {
        "id": 524,
        "topic": "topic104",
        "question": "What are the main forms of vitamin E?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin E includes tocopherol and tocotrienol.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of tocopherol and tocotrienol as the \"dynamic duo\" of vitamin E – they’re here to save your cells!",
        "emoji": "🦸"
    },
    {
        "id": 525,
        "topic": "topic104",
        "question": "What is the primary function of vitamin E?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, protecting RBCs and neuronal membranes from free radical damage.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Vitamin E is like a superhero for your cells, fighting off the villains (free radicals)!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 526,
        "topic": "topic104",
        "question": "What are the consequences of vitamin E deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin E deficiency can lead to hemolytic anemia, acanthocytosis, muscle weakness, and demyelination of the posterior columns and spinocerebellar tract.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Without vitamin E, your body feels like a car with a flat tire – it just can’t go!",
        "emoji": "🚗"
    },
    {
        "id": 527,
        "topic": "topic104",
        "question": "How does vitamin E deficiency mimic other conditions?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin E deficiency can mimic Friedreich ataxia and may present similarly to vitamin B12 deficiency, but without megaloblastic anemia or hypersegmented neutrophils.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a case of mistaken identity – vitamin E is the imposter at the neurological party!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 528,
        "topic": "topic105",
        "question": "What are the main forms of vitamin K?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin K includes phytomenadione, phylloquinone, phytonadione, and menaquinone.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Vitamin K is like the \"Kool Kids Club\" of vitamins – they’re all about clotting!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 529,
        "topic": "topic105",
        "question": "What is the primary function of vitamin K?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin K is necessary for the γ-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on proteins required for blood clotting.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Vitamin K is the \"glue\" that holds your blood clotting factors together!",
        "emoji": "🧤"
    },
    {
        "id": 530,
        "topic": "topic105",
        "question": "What can cause vitamin K deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Vitamin K deficiency can occur in neonates, after prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, or in hepatocellular disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Without vitamin K, your blood is like a party without music – it just doesn’t flow!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 531,
        "topic": "topic106",
        "question": "What is the primary function of zinc?",
        "answer": "<li>Zinc is essential for the activity of over 100 enzymes and is important in the formation of zinc fingers, a transcription factor motif.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Zinc is like the Swiss Army knife of minerals – it does a little bit of everything!",
        "emoji": "🛠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 532,
        "topic": "topic106",
        "question": "What are the consequences of zinc deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Zinc deficiency can lead to delayed wound healing, suppressed immunity, male hypogonadism, and dysgeusia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Without zinc, your body feels like a slow internet connection – everything takes longer!",
        "emoji": "🐢"
    },
    {
        "id": 533,
        "topic": "topic106",
        "question": "What condition is associated with congenital zinc absorption defects?",
        "answer": "<li>Acrodermatitis enteropathica is associated with congenital defects in intestinal zinc absorption, manifesting with hair loss, diarrhea, and inflammatory skin rash.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Acrodermatitis enteropathica is like a \"triple threat\" – hair loss, rash, and tummy troubles all in one!",
        "emoji": "⚠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 534,
        "topic": "topic107",
        "question": "What is Kwashiorkor?",
        "answer": "<li>Kwashiorkor is a form of protein malnutrition resulting in skin lesions, edema, anemia, and liver malfunction.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Kwashiorkor sounds like \"quash your core\" – it’s when your body is missing the protein it needs to stay strong!",
        "emoji": "🥴"
    },
    {
        "id": 535,
        "topic": "topic107",
        "question": "What are the clinical features of Kwashiorkor?",
        "answer": "<li>Clinical features of Kwashiorkor include malnutrition, edema, anemia, fatty liver, and skin lesions.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Kwashiorkor is like a sad balloon – it’s swollen but deflated of nutrients!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 536,
        "topic": "topic107",
        "question": "What is Marasmus?",
        "answer": "<li>Marasmus is a form of malnutrition not causing edema, characterized by calorie deficiency without complete nutrient absence.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Marasmus is like a diet gone wrong – you lose weight but not in a healthy way!",
        "emoji": "🥗"
    },
    {
        "id": 537,
        "topic": "topic107",
        "question": "How does Marasmus differ from Kwashiorkor?",
        "answer": "<li>Marasmus results in muscle wasting without edema, while Kwashiorkor involves edema and skin lesions.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Marasmus is the \"lean machine\" of malnutrition, while Kwashiorkor is the \"puffy friend\"!",
        "emoji": "🏋️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 538,
        "topic": "topic108",
        "question": "What are the main enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>The main enzymes involved are alcohol dehydrogenase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, and catalase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of alcohol dehydrogenase as the \"party starter\" that gets the ethanol dance going!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 539,
        "topic": "topic108",
        "question": "What is the role of fomepizole in ethanol metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>Fomepizole is a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase and is the preferred antidote for methanol or ethylene glycol overdoses.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Fomepizole is like a bouncer at the bar, keeping the wrong drinks out!",
        "emoji": "🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 540,
        "topic": "topic108",
        "question": "How does disulfiram affect acetaldehyde metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>Disulfiram blocks acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to increased acetaldehyde levels and hangover symptoms, discouraging drinking.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Disulfiram is like a hangover alarm clock that goes off every time you try to drink!",
        "emoji": "⏰"
    },
    {
        "id": 541,
        "topic": "topic108",
        "question": "Why are females more susceptible to the effects of alcohol than males?",
        "answer": "<li>Females have lower activity of gastric alcohol dehydrogenase, smaller body size, and a higher percentage of body water.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of females as \"lightweights\" at the alcohol party due to their smaller size and less enzyme power!",
        "emoji": "🥂"
    },
    {
        "id": 542,
        "topic": "topic108",
        "question": "What is the limiting reagent in ethanol metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>NAD+ is the limiting reagent in ethanol metabolism.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "NAD+ is like the VIP pass that runs out at the party, stopping the fun!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 543,
        "topic": "topic108",
        "question": "What type of kinetics does alcohol dehydrogenase operate under?",
        "answer": "<li>Alcohol dehydrogenase operates via zero-order kinetics.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Zero-order kinetics means the enzyme is like a party that keeps going regardless of how many guests show up!",
        "emoji": "🎊"
    },
    {
        "id": 544,
        "topic": "topic108",
        "question": "What happens to the NADH/NAD+ ratio during ethanol metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>The NADH/NAD+ ratio increases, inhibiting the TCA cycle and affecting various metabolic pathways.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "An increased NADH/NAD+ ratio is like a traffic jam in the metabolic highway!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 545,
        "topic": "topic108",
        "question": "What metabolic conditions can arise from an increased NADH/NAD+ ratio?",
        "answer": "<li>Conditions include lactic acidosis, fasting hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, and hepatosteatosis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Too much NADH is like a party that gets out of control, leading to a messy aftermath!",
        "emoji": "🍾"
    },
    {
        "id": 546,
        "topic": "topic109",
        "question": "What is the function of a kinase?",
        "answer": "<li>A kinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy molecule, usually ATP, to a substrate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Kinases are like the \"gift givers\" of the cell, handing out phosphate presents!",
        "emoji": "🎁"
    },
    {
        "id": 547,
        "topic": "topic109",
        "question": "What does a phosphorylase do?",
        "answer": "<li>A phosphorylase adds inorganic phosphate onto a substrate without using ATP.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Phosphorylases are like the \"free samples\" at a store, giving out phosphate without charging!",
        "emoji": "🛍️"
    },
    {
        "id": 548,
        "topic": "topic109",
        "question": "What is the role of a phosphatase?",
        "answer": "<li>A phosphatase removes a phosphate group from a substrate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Phosphatases are like the \"clean-up crew\" that takes away the phosphate mess!",
        "emoji": "🧹"
    },
    {
        "id": 549,
        "topic": "topic109",
        "question": "What type of reactions does a dehydrogenase catalyze?",
        "answer": "<li>A dehydrogenase catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Dehydrogenases are like the \"energy recyclers\" of the cell, swapping electrons like trading cards!",
        "emoji": "♻️"
    },
    {
        "id": 550,
        "topic": "topic109",
        "question": "What does a hydroxylase add to a substrate?",
        "answer": "<li>A hydroxylase adds a hydroxyl group (−OH) onto a substrate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hydroxylases are like the \"water spritzers\" that keep things hydrated with OH groups!",
        "emoji": "💦"
    },
    {
        "id": 551,
        "topic": "topic109",
        "question": "What is the function of a carboxylase?",
        "answer": "<li>A carboxylase transfers carboxyl groups (−COOH) with the help of biotin.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Carboxylases are like the \"carb-boosters\" that add COOH to the party!",
        "emoji": "🍞"
    },
    {
        "id": 552,
        "topic": "topic109",
        "question": "What does a mutase do?",
        "answer": "<li>A mutase relocates a functional group within a molecule.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Mutases are like the \"movers\" of the molecular world, shifting groups around!",
        "emoji": "🚚"
    },
    {
        "id": 553,
        "topic": "topic109",
        "question": "What is the role of a synthase?",
        "answer": "<li>A synthase catalyzes synthesis reactions without using ATP as a source of energy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Synthases are like the \"DIY enthusiasts\" of enzymes, creating new things without needing energy!",
        "emoji": "🛠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 554,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What is the rate-determining enzyme of glycolysis?",
        "answer": "<li>The rate-determining enzyme of glycolysis is phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "PFK-1 is the \"traffic cop\" of glycolysis, directing the flow of glucose!",
        "emoji": "🚓"
    },
    {
        "id": 555,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What regulates phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)?",
        "answer": "<li>PFK-1 is activated by AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, and inhibited by ATP and citrate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "PFK-1 is like a party that gets lively with AMP but quiets down with too much ATP!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 556,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What is the rate-determining enzyme of gluconeogenesis?",
        "answer": "<li>The rate-determining enzyme of gluconeogenesis is fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is the \"reverse engineer\" of gluconeogenesis, turning back the clock!",
        "emoji": "⏳"
    },
    {
        "id": 557,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What regulates fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1?",
        "answer": "<li>It is inhibited by AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is like a party that shuts down when AMP shows up!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 558,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What is the rate-determining enzyme of the TCA cycle?",
        "answer": "<li>The rate-determining enzyme of the TCA cycle is isocitrate dehydrogenase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Isocitrate dehydrogenase is the \"gatekeeper\" of the TCA cycle, deciding who gets in!",
        "emoji": "🏰"
    },
    {
        "id": 559,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What regulates isocitrate dehydrogenase?",
        "answer": "<li>It is activated by ADP and inhibited by ATP and NADH.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Isocitrate dehydrogenase loves a good party with ADP but gets grumpy with too much ATP!",
        "emoji": "😠"
    },
    {
        "id": 560,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What is the rate-determining enzyme of glycogenesis?",
        "answer": "<li>The rate-determining enzyme of glycogenesis is glycogen synthase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glycogen synthase is the \"builder\" of glycogen, stacking up glucose like blocks!",
        "emoji": "🏗️"
    },
    {
        "id": 561,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What regulates glycogen synthase?",
        "answer": "<li>Glycogen synthase is activated by glucose-6-phosphate, insulin, and cortisol, and inhibited by epinephrine and glucagon.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glycogen synthase is like a construction worker who needs the right tools (glucose-6-phosphate) to build!",
        "emoji": "🔧"
    },
    {
        "id": 562,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What is the rate-determining enzyme of glycogenolysis?",
        "answer": "<li>The rate-determining enzyme of glycogenolysis is glycogen phosphorylase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glycogen phosphorylase is the \"demolisher\" that breaks down glycogen into glucose!",
        "emoji": "🏚️"
    },
    {
        "id": 563,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What regulates glycogen phosphorylase?",
        "answer": "<li>It is activated by epinephrine, glucagon, and AMP, and inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate, insulin, and ATP.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glycogen phosphorylase loves a good adrenaline rush but hates being told to stop by insulin!",
        "emoji": "🏃‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 564,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What is the rate-determining enzyme of the HMP shunt?",
        "answer": "<li>The rate-determining enzyme of the HMP shunt is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "G6PD is the \"shunt driver,\" steering glucose down the HMP path!",
        "emoji": "🚗"
    },
    {
        "id": 565,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What regulates glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)?",
        "answer": "<li>G6PD is activated by NADP+ and inhibited by NADPH.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "G6PD is like a car that speeds up with NADP+ but hits the brakes with NADPH!",
        "emoji": "🛑"
    },
    {
        "id": 566,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What is the rate-determining enzyme of de novo pyrimidine synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>The rate-determining enzyme is carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II is the \"pyramid builder,\" stacking up pyrimidines!",
        "emoji": "⛰️"
    },
    {
        "id": 567,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What regulates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II?",
        "answer": "<li>It is activated by ATP and PRPP and inhibited by UTP.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II loves a good ATP boost but gets tired with too much UTP!",
        "emoji": "⚡"
    },
    {
        "id": 568,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What is the rate-determining enzyme of de novo purine synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>The rate-determining enzyme is glutamine-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "PRPP amidotransferase is the \"purine architect,\" laying the foundation for purine synthesis!",
        "emoji": "🏗️"
    },
    {
        "id": 569,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What regulates PRPP amidotransferase?",
        "answer": "<li>It is inhibited by AMP, inosine monophosphate (IMP), and GMP.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "PRPP amidotransferase is like a builder who stops working when too many purines show up!",
        "emoji": "🚧"
    },
    {
        "id": 570,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What is the rate-determining enzyme of the urea cycle?",
        "answer": "<li>The rate-determining enzyme is carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I is the \"urea cycle starter,\" kicking off the nitrogen disposal!",
        "emoji": "🏁"
    },
    {
        "id": 571,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What activates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I?",
        "answer": "<li>It is activated by N-acetylglutamate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "N-acetylglutamate is like the \"starter fluid\" that gets the urea cycle engine running!",
        "emoji": "🔥"
    },
    {
        "id": 572,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What is the rate-determining enzyme of fatty acid synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>The rate-determining enzyme is acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "ACC is the \"fatty acid factory manager,\" overseeing the production of fats!",
        "emoji": "🏭"
    },
    {
        "id": 573,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What regulates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)?",
        "answer": "<li>ACC is activated by insulin and citrate and inhibited by glucagon and palmitoyl-CoA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "ACC loves a sweet insulin boost but gets grumpy with glucagon and palmitoyl-CoA!",
        "emoji": "🍭"
    },
    {
        "id": 574,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What is the rate-determining enzyme of fatty acid oxidation?",
        "answer": "<li>The rate-determining enzyme is carnitine acyltransferase I.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Carnitine acyltransferase I is the \"fatty acid transporter,\" moving fats into the oxidation zone!",
        "emoji": "🚢"
    },
    {
        "id": 575,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What inhibits carnitine acyltransferase I?",
        "answer": "<li>It is inhibited by malonyl-CoA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Malonyl-CoA is like the \"security guard\" that keeps fatty acids from entering the oxidation club!",
        "emoji": "🚷"
    },
    {
        "id": 576,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What is the rate-determining enzyme of ketogenesis?",
        "answer": "<li>The rate-determining enzyme is HMG-CoA synthase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "HMG-CoA synthase is the \"ketone creator,\" whipping up ketones when you're starving!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 577,
        "topic": "topic110",
        "question": "What is the rate-determining enzyme of cholesterol synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>The rate-determining enzyme is HMG-CoA reductase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "HMG-CoA reductase is the \"cholesterol chef,\" cooking up cholesterol in the kitchen of the liver!",
        "emoji": "👨‍🍳"
    },
    {
        "id": 578,
        "topic": "topic111",
        "question": "What metabolic processes occur in the mitochondria?",
        "answer": "<li>Fatty acid oxidation (β-oxidation), acetyl-CoA production, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and ketogenesis occur in the mitochondria.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Mitochondria are like the power plants of the cell, generating energy while you \"fatty\" dance through the TCA cycle!",
        "emoji": "⚡"
    },
    {
        "id": 579,
        "topic": "topic111",
        "question": "What metabolic processes occur in the cytoplasm?",
        "answer": "<li>Glycolysis, HMP shunt, and synthesis of cholesterol, proteins, fatty acids, and nucleotides occur in the cytoplasm.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The cytoplasm is the busy café of the cell, brewing up proteins and fatty acids while glycolysis is the barista!",
        "emoji": "☕"
    },
    {
        "id": 580,
        "topic": "topic111",
        "question": "Which metabolic processes occur in both the mitochondria and cytoplasm?",
        "answer": "<li>Heme synthesis, urea cycle, and gluconeogenesis occur in both the mitochondria and cytoplasm.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Heme and urea are like the dynamic duo of metabolism, always working together in the cell's \"office\"!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 581,
        "topic": "topic112",
        "question": "What is the starting molecule for glycolysis?",
        "answer": "<li>The starting molecule for glycolysis is glucose.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glycolysis starts with glucose, like a party that begins with the guest of honor!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 582,
        "topic": "topic112",
        "question": "What is produced from pyruvate in the metabolic pathways?",
        "answer": "<li>Pyruvate can be converted into acetyl-CoA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Pyruvate is like a taxi that takes you to the Acetyl-CoA party!",
        "emoji": "🚖"
    },
    {
        "id": 583,
        "topic": "topic112",
        "question": "What is the end product of the urea cycle?",
        "answer": "<li>The end product of the urea cycle is urea.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The urea cycle is like a recycling program for nitrogen, turning waste into urea for a cleaner environment!",
        "emoji": "♻️"
    },
    {
        "id": 584,
        "topic": "topic113",
        "question": "What does ATP carry in its activated form?",
        "answer": "<li>ATP carries phosphoryl groups in its activated form.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "ATP is like a delivery service for energy, always bringing the \"phosphoryl\" packages to your cells!",
        "emoji": "📦"
    },
    {
        "id": 585,
        "topic": "topic113",
        "question": "What do NADH and NADPH carry in their activated forms?",
        "answer": "<li>NADH and NADPH carry electrons in their activated forms.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "NADH and NADPH are like the electric company of the cell, always delivering electrons to keep the lights on!",
        "emoji": "⚡"
    },
    {
        "id": 586,
        "topic": "topic113",
        "question": "What does CoA carry in its activated form?",
        "answer": "<li>CoA carries acyl groups in its activated form.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "CoA is like a delivery truck for acyl groups, making sure they reach their destination on time!",
        "emoji": "🚚"
    },
    {
        "id": 587,
        "topic": "topic114",
        "question": "Where is hexokinase located?",
        "answer": "<li>Hexokinase is located in most tissues, except the liver and pancreatic β cells.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hexokinase is like the local hero, working in most tissues while avoiding the liver's party!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 588,
        "topic": "topic114",
        "question": "Where is glucokinase located?",
        "answer": "<li>Glucokinase is located in the liver and β cells of the pancreas.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glucokinase is the VIP at the liver party, only showing up when glucose levels are high!",
        "emoji": "🎊"
    },
    {
        "id": 589,
        "topic": "topic114",
        "question": "What is the Km of hexokinase compared to glucokinase?",
        "answer": "<li>Hexokinase has a lower Km (higher affinity) compared to glucokinase, which has a higher Km (lower affinity).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hexokinase is like a clingy friend, always wanting glucose close, while glucokinase is more laid-back!",
        "emoji": "🤗"
    },
    {
        "id": 590,
        "topic": "topic114",
        "question": "How does insulin affect glucokinase?",
        "answer": "<li>Glucokinase is induced by insulin.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Insulin is like the party planner that invites glucokinase to help store glucose when the party gets wild!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 591,
        "topic": "topic114",
        "question": "What inhibits hexokinase?",
        "answer": "<li>Hexokinase is inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glucose-6-phosphate is like a bouncer at the club, keeping hexokinase from overworking!",
        "emoji": "🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 592,
        "topic": "topic114",
        "question": "What inhibits glucokinase?",
        "answer": "<li>Glucokinase is not inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glucokinase is the free spirit of the cell, dancing without a care for glucose-6-phosphate's rules!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 593,
        "topic": "topic115",
        "question": "What is the net reaction of glycolysis in the cytoplasm?",
        "answer": "<li>Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of glycolysis as a party where glucose brings the snacks (ATP) and leaves with a couple of friends (pyruvate and NADH).",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 594,
        "topic": "topic115",
        "question": "What is the role of hexokinase/glucokinase in glycolysis?",
        "answer": "<li>They convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hexokinase is like a bouncer at the club, making sure glucose gets in by checking its ID (phosphate).",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 595,
        "topic": "topic115",
        "question": "What is the rate-limiting step in glycolysis?",
        "answer": "<li>The conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by phosphofructokinase-1.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Phosphofructokinase-1 is like the traffic light of glycolysis; it controls the flow and keeps things moving!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 596,
        "topic": "topic115",
        "question": "What inhibits hexokinase?",
        "answer": "<li>Glucose-6-phosphate inhibits hexokinase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glucose-6-phosphate is like a jealous partner, saying \"You’re not going anywhere!\" to hexokinase.",
        "emoji": "💔"
    },
    {
        "id": 597,
        "topic": "topic115",
        "question": "What activates phosphofructokinase-1?",
        "answer": "<li>AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activate phosphofructokinase-1.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate are like cheerleaders, shouting \"Go, glycolysis, go!\"",
        "emoji": "📣"
    },
    {
        "id": 598,
        "topic": "topic115",
        "question": "What inhibits phosphofructokinase-1?",
        "answer": "<li>ATP and citrate inhibit phosphofructokinase-1.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "ATP and citrate are like the grumpy old men at the party saying, \"Enough fun, time to go home!\"",
        "emoji": "👴"
    },
    {
        "id": 599,
        "topic": "topic116",
        "question": "What is the function of fructose bisphosphatase-2 (FBPase-2) and phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2)?",
        "answer": "<li>They are the same bifunctional enzyme whose function is reversed by phosphorylation by protein kinase A.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "FBPase-2 and PFK-2 are like a seesaw; one goes up while the other goes down!",
        "emoji": "⚖️"
    },
    {
        "id": 600,
        "topic": "topic116",
        "question": "When is FBPase-2 active?",
        "answer": "<li>FBPase-2 is active in the fasting state.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "FBPase-2 is like a squirrel hoarding nuts when food is scarce!",
        "emoji": "🐿️"
    },
    {
        "id": 601,
        "topic": "topic116",
        "question": "When is PFK-2 active?",
        "answer": "<li>PFK-2 is active in the fed state.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "PFK-2 is like a kid in a candy store, enjoying all the goodies when food is plentiful!",
        "emoji": "🍬"
    },
    {
        "id": 602,
        "topic": "topic117",
        "question": "What is the role of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?",
        "answer": "<li>It links glycolysis to the TCA cycle by converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is like a train station, where pyruvate hops on the acetyl-CoA express to the TCA cycle!",
        "emoji": "🚂"
    },
    {
        "id": 603,
        "topic": "topic117",
        "question": "What are the cofactors required by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?",
        "answer": "<li>Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1), lipoic acid, CoA (B5), FAD (B2), and NAD+ (B3).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is like a band needing all its instruments (cofactors) to play a hit song!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 604,
        "topic": "topic117",
        "question": "What activates the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?",
        "answer": "<li>An increased NAD+/NADH ratio, ADP, and Ca2+ activate the complex.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is like a party that gets started with more guests (NAD+) and excitement (ADP and Ca2+)!",
        "emoji": "🎊"
    },
    {
        "id": 605,
        "topic": "topic118",
        "question": "What are the findings of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Neurologic defects, lactic acidosis, and increased serum alanine starting in infancy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is like a traffic jam in the brain, causing a backup of pyruvate and a lot of honking (lactic acidosis)!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 606,
        "topic": "topic118",
        "question": "What is the treatment for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Increased intake of ketogenic nutrients and supplementation with B1 and lipoic acid.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Treating this deficiency is like giving a car a turbo boost (ketogenic nutrients) and a new battery (B1 and lipoic acid)!",
        "emoji": "🚗"
    },
    {
        "id": 607,
        "topic": "topic119",
        "question": "What is the function of alanine aminotransferase?",
        "answer": "<li>It transfers amino groups to the liver from muscle using vitamin B6.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Alanine aminotransferase is like a delivery driver, bringing amino acids to the liver for a protein party!",
        "emoji": "🚚"
    },
    {
        "id": 608,
        "topic": "topic119",
        "question": "What is the role of pyruvate carboxylase?",
        "answer": "<li>It converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate, which can replenish the TCA cycle or be used in gluconeogenesis, requiring vitamin B7.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Pyruvate carboxylase is like a gardener, planting seeds (oxaloacetate) to grow the TCA cycle garden!",
        "emoji": "🌱"
    },
    {
        "id": 609,
        "topic": "topic119",
        "question": "What is the function of lactic acid dehydrogenase?",
        "answer": "<li>It converts pyruvate to lactate at the end of anaerobic glycolysis, requiring vitamin B3.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Lactic acid dehydrogenase is like a coach, helping pyruvate finish the race when oxygen is running low!",
        "emoji": "🏁"
    },
    {
        "id": 610,
        "topic": "topic120",
        "question": "What does the TCA cycle produce per acetyl-CoA?",
        "answer": "<li>The TCA cycle produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2, and 1 GTP, equating to 10 ATP per acetyl-CoA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The TCA cycle is like a factory, churning out energy (ATP) and waste (CO2) with every batch of acetyl-CoA!",
        "emoji": "🏭"
    },
    {
        "id": 611,
        "topic": "topic120",
        "question": "Where do the reactions of the TCA cycle occur?",
        "answer": "<li>The reactions of the TCA cycle occur in the mitochondria.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The mitochondria are like the powerhouse of the cell, where all the TCA magic happens!",
        "emoji": "⚡"
    },
    {
        "id": 612,
        "topic": "topic120",
        "question": "What is the starting substrate for the TCA cycle?",
        "answer": "<li>Citrate is the starting substrate for making oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Citrate is like the starter pistol at a race, kicking off the TCA cycle!",
        "emoji": "🏁"
    },
    {
        "id": 613,
        "topic": "topic121",
        "question": "Where are NADH electrons transferred in the electron transport chain?",
        "answer": "<li>NADH electrons are transferred to complex I.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of NADH as the VIP guest who always gets the best seat at the electron transport party!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 614,
        "topic": "topic121",
        "question": "Where are FADH2 electrons transferred in the electron transport chain?",
        "answer": "<li>FADH2 electrons are transferred to complex II.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "FADH2 is like the second-best guest at the party, arriving a bit later and getting a less prime spot!",
        "emoji": "🥳"
    },
    {
        "id": 615,
        "topic": "topic121",
        "question": "How does oxygen function in the electron transport chain?",
        "answer": "<li>Oxygen acts as an electron acceptor to provide energy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Oxygen is like the bouncer at the club, making sure the electrons have a safe exit!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 616,
        "topic": "topic121",
        "question": "What is the result of the passage of electrons in the electron transport chain?",
        "answer": "<li>The passage of electrons results in the formation of a proton gradient.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Imagine protons lining up like fans at a concert, creating a buzz of energy!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 617,
        "topic": "topic121",
        "question": "How does the proton gradient contribute to ATP production?",
        "answer": "<li>The proton gradient, coupled to oxidative phosphorylation, drives ATP production.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the proton gradient as a rollercoaster that powers the ATP production ride!",
        "emoji": "🎢"
    },
    {
        "id": 618,
        "topic": "topic121",
        "question": "What can ATP hydrolysis be coupled to?",
        "answer": "<li>ATP hydrolysis can be coupled to energetically unfavorable reactions.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "ATP is like a superhero, saving the day by powering up the tough tasks!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 619,
        "topic": "topic121",
        "question": "What do uncoupling proteins do in brown fat?",
        "answer": "<li>Uncoupling proteins produce heat by increasing inner mitochondrial membrane permeability and decreasing the proton gradient.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Uncoupling proteins are like the heaters in your house, keeping you warm even when the energy is low!",
        "emoji": "🔥"
    },
    {
        "id": 620,
        "topic": "topic121",
        "question": "How much ATP is produced from 1 NADH?",
        "answer": "<li>1 NADH produces 2.5 ATP.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of NADH as a generous donor, giving away 2.5 gifts at a time!",
        "emoji": "🎁"
    },
    {
        "id": 621,
        "topic": "topic121",
        "question": "How much ATP is produced from 1 FADH2?",
        "answer": "<li>1 FADH2 produces 1.5 ATP.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "FADH2 is a bit stingier, only giving away 1.5 gifts, but still a good friend!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 622,
        "topic": "topic121",
        "question": "How do NADH electrons from glycolysis enter the mitochondria?",
        "answer": "<li>NADH electrons enter mitochondria via the malate-aspartate or glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of these shuttles as taxis transporting NADH to the mitochondrial party!",
        "emoji": "🚖"
    },
    {
        "id": 623,
        "topic": "topic121",
        "question": "What is the net ATP production from aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule via the malate-aspartate shuttle?",
        "answer": "<li>The aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule produces 32 net ATP via the malate-aspartate shuttle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glucose is like a marathon runner, finishing strong with 32 medals!",
        "emoji": "🏅"
    },
    {
        "id": 624,
        "topic": "topic121",
        "question": "What is the net ATP production from aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule via the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle?",
        "answer": "<li>The aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule produces 30 net ATP via the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glycerol-3-phosphate is still a winner, just a bit behind with 30 medals!",
        "emoji": "🥈"
    },
    {
        "id": 625,
        "topic": "topic121",
        "question": "How much ATP is produced from anaerobic glycolysis per glucose molecule?",
        "answer": "<li>Anaerobic glycolysis produces only 2 net ATP per glucose molecule.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Anaerobic glycolysis is like a slow jogger, only managing to grab 2 medals!",
        "emoji": "🥉"
    },
    {
        "id": 626,
        "topic": "topic121",
        "question": "What effect can aspirin overdose have on oxidative phosphorylation?",
        "answer": "<li>Aspirin overdose can cause uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in hyperthermia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Aspirin is like a party crasher that turns up the heat too high!",
        "emoji": "🔥"
    },
    {
        "id": 627,
        "topic": "topic122",
        "question": "What is the role of glucagon in gluconeogenesis?",
        "answer": "<li>All enzymes may be subject to activation by glucagon in the fasting state.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glucagon is like the coach yelling \"Go!\" to the gluconeogenesis team during a fast!",
        "emoji": "📣"
    },
    {
        "id": 628,
        "topic": "topic122",
        "question": "What does pyruvate carboxylase do?",
        "answer": "<li>Pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in the mitochondria.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Pyruvate carboxylase is like a magician turning pyruvate into oxaloacetate with a wave of its wand!",
        "emoji": "🎩"
    },
    {
        "id": 629,
        "topic": "topic122",
        "question": "What are the requirements for pyruvate carboxylase to function?",
        "answer": "<li>Pyruvate carboxylase requires biotin and ATP and is activated by acetyl-CoA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Pyruvate carboxylase needs its magic potion (biotin and ATP) and a boost from acetyl-CoA to perform!",
        "emoji": "🧙‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 630,
        "topic": "topic122",
        "question": "What does phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase do?",
        "answer": "<li>Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in the cytosol.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is like a relay runner passing the baton from oxaloacetate to PEP!",
        "emoji": "🏃‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 631,
        "topic": "topic122",
        "question": "What does fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase do?",
        "answer": "<li>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in the cytosol.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is like a chef chopping down the complex dish to a simpler recipe!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 632,
        "topic": "topic122",
        "question": "What regulates fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase?",
        "answer": "<li>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is activated by citrate and inhibited by AMP and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Citrate is the cheerleader boosting the enzyme, while AMP and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate are the party poopers!",
        "emoji": "📉"
    },
    {
        "id": 633,
        "topic": "topic122",
        "question": "What does glucose-6-phosphatase do?",
        "answer": "<li>Glucose-6-phosphatase converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glucose-6-phosphatase is like a key unlocking the door to release glucose into the bloodstream!",
        "emoji": "🔑"
    },
    {
        "id": 634,
        "topic": "topic122",
        "question": "Where does glucose-6-phosphatase primarily occur?",
        "answer": "<li>Glucose-6-phosphatase primarily occurs in the liver and also in the kidney and intestinal epithelium.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The liver is the main stage for glucose-6-phosphatase, with a few backup dancers in the kidney and intestines!",
        "emoji": "🎤"
    },
    {
        "id": 635,
        "topic": "topic122",
        "question": "What happens if there is a deficiency of key gluconeogenic enzymes?",
        "answer": "<li>A deficiency of key gluconeogenic enzymes causes hypoglycemia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Without the right enzymes, gluconeogenesis is like a car running out of gas—stuck and low on energy!",
        "emoji": "⛽"
    },
    {
        "id": 636,
        "topic": "topic122",
        "question": "Why can't muscle participate in gluconeogenesis?",
        "answer": "<li>Muscle cannot participate in gluconeogenesis because it lacks glucose-6-phosphatase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Muscles are like the bouncers who can't get into the club—they just don't have the right ID!",
        "emoji": "🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 637,
        "topic": "topic122",
        "question": "What do odd-chain fatty acids yield during metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>Odd-chain fatty acids yield 1 propionyl-CoA during metabolism.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Odd-chain fatty acids are the quirky ones, producing a unique propionyl-CoA!",
        "emoji": "🤪"
    },
    {
        "id": 638,
        "topic": "topic122",
        "question": "How can propionyl-CoA enter the TCA cycle?",
        "answer": "<li>Propionyl-CoA can enter the TCA cycle as succinyl-CoA and undergo gluconeogenesis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Propionyl-CoA is like a secret agent sneaking into the TCA cycle for a covert mission!",
        "emoji": "🕵️‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 639,
        "topic": "topic122",
        "question": "Can even-chain fatty acids produce new glucose?",
        "answer": "<li>Even-chain fatty acids cannot produce new glucose, as they yield only acetyl-CoA equivalents.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Even-chain fatty acids are like a one-trick pony, only able to produce acetyl-CoA and nothing else!",
        "emoji": "🐴"
    },
    {
        "id": 640,
        "topic": "topic123",
        "question": "What is another name for the pentose phosphate pathway?",
        "answer": "<li>The pentose phosphate pathway is also called the HMP shunt.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The HMP shunt is like a secret shortcut in the metabolic maze!",
        "emoji": "🗺️"
    },
    {
        "id": 641,
        "topic": "topic123",
        "question": "What does the pentose phosphate pathway provide?",
        "answer": "<li>The pentose phosphate pathway provides a source of NADPH and ribose for nucleotide synthesis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The pentose phosphate pathway is like a factory producing NADPH and ribose goodies for the cell!",
        "emoji": "🏭"
    },
    {
        "id": 642,
        "topic": "topic123",
        "question": "What are the two distinct phases of the pentose phosphate pathway?",
        "answer": "<li>The two distinct phases of the pentose phosphate pathway are oxidative and nonoxidative.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The pentose phosphate pathway has two phases, like a two-part movie with a thrilling plot twist!",
        "emoji": "🎬"
    },
    {
        "id": 643,
        "topic": "topic123",
        "question": "Where does the pentose phosphate pathway occur?",
        "answer": "<li>The pentose phosphate pathway occurs in the cytoplasm.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The cytoplasm is the stage where the pentose phosphate pathway performs its metabolic magic!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 644,
        "topic": "topic123",
        "question": "Is ATP used or produced in the pentose phosphate pathway?",
        "answer": "<li>No ATP is used or produced in the pentose phosphate pathway.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The pentose phosphate pathway is like a free concert—no tickets (ATP) needed!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 645,
        "topic": "topic123",
        "question": "What is the role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the oxidative phase?",
        "answer": "<li>Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-P to 6-phosphogluconate, producing NADPH.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is like a DJ spinning tracks to create NADPH beats!",
        "emoji": "🎧"
    },
    {
        "id": 646,
        "topic": "topic123",
        "question": "What happens in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia due to poor RBC defense against oxidizing agents.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Without glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, RBCs are like knights without armor, vulnerable to attacks!",
        "emoji": "⚔️"
    },
    {
        "id": 647,
        "topic": "topic123",
        "question": "What can precipitate hemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Infection can precipitate hemolysis due to the inflammatory response producing free radicals.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Infections are like surprise parties for RBCs, but they bring free radicals instead of fun!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 648,
        "topic": "topic123",
        "question": "What is the inheritance pattern of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>It is an X-linked recessive disorder.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is like a family heirloom passed down through the X chromosome!",
        "emoji": "👨‍👦"
    },
    {
        "id": 649,
        "topic": "topic123",
        "question": "In which populations is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency more prevalent?",
        "answer": "<li>It is more prevalent among descendants of populations in malaria-endemic regions.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is like a badge of survival in malaria-prone areas!",
        "emoji": "🦠"
    },
    {
        "id": 650,
        "topic": "topic123",
        "question": "What are Heinz bodies?",
        "answer": "<li>Heinz bodies are denatured globin chains that precipitate within RBCs due to oxidative stress.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Heinz bodies are like little troublemakers causing chaos in the RBC classroom!",
        "emoji": "🏫"
    },
    {
        "id": 651,
        "topic": "topic123",
        "question": "What are bite cells?",
        "answer": "<li>Bite cells result from the phagocytic removal of Heinz bodies by splenic macrophages.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Bite cells are like the leftovers after a feast, nibbled on by the macrophage cleanup crew!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 652,
        "topic": "topic124",
        "question": "What is essential fructosuria?",
        "answer": "<li>Essential fructosuria is a benign condition caused by a deficiency in fructokinase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Essential fructosuria is like a fruit salad that doesn't spoil—it's harmless!",
        "emoji": "🍉"
    },
    {
        "id": 653,
        "topic": "topic124",
        "question": "What is hereditary fructose intolerance?",
        "answer": "<li>Hereditary fructose intolerance is a serious condition caused by a deficiency in aldolase B.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hereditary fructose intolerance is like a fruit that’s gone bad—better avoid it!",
        "emoji": "🍏"
    },
    {
        "id": 654,
        "topic": "topic124",
        "question": "What type of inheritance pattern is associated with fructokinase deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Fructokinase deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Autosomal recessive is like a secret club—only the lucky two get in!",
        "emoji": "🤫"
    },
    {
        "id": 655,
        "topic": "topic124",
        "question": "What type of inheritance pattern is associated with aldolase B deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Aldolase B deficiency is also inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Just like fructokinase, aldolase B is in the same secret club—no one gets in alone!",
        "emoji": "🤐"
    },
    {
        "id": 656,
        "topic": "topic124",
        "question": "What happens to fructose in the body when fructokinase is deficient?",
        "answer": "<li>Fructose is not trapped into cells, leading to hexokinase becoming the primary pathway for converting fructose to fructose-6-phosphate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "When fructokinase is out, hexokinase takes the lead like a backup dancer!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 657,
        "topic": "topic124",
        "question": "What accumulates in the body due to aldolase B deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Fructose-1-phosphate accumulates, leading to a depletion of available phosphate and inhibition of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Fructose-1-phosphate is like a party crasher—too many and the party stops!",
        "emoji": "🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 658,
        "topic": "topic124",
        "question": "What are the signs and symptoms of essential fructosuria?",
        "answer": "<li>Essential fructosuria is usually asymptomatic and benign, with fructose appearing in blood and urine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Essential fructosuria is like a ghost—it's there but you can't see it!",
        "emoji": "👻"
    },
    {
        "id": 659,
        "topic": "topic124",
        "question": "What are the signs and symptoms of hereditary fructose intolerance?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include hypoglycemia, jaundice, cirrhosis, and vomiting, typically after consuming fruit, juice, or honey.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Eating fruit with hereditary fructose intolerance is like inviting trouble to dinner!",
        "emoji": "🍊"
    },
    {
        "id": 660,
        "topic": "topic124",
        "question": "How does a urine dipstick test for fructose metabolism disorders?",
        "answer": "<li>A urine dipstick will be negative for glucose but can detect reducing sugars, indicating inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "A dipstick test is like a detective—only finds the sugar if it’s not hiding!",
        "emoji": "🕵️"
    },
    {
        "id": 661,
        "topic": "topic124",
        "question": "What is the treatment for disorders of fructose metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>The treatment involves avoiding intake of fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Avoiding fructose is like dodging a fruit pie thrown at your face—stay alert!",
        "emoji": "🥧"
    },
    {
        "id": 662,
        "topic": "topic125",
        "question": "What is galactokinase deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Galactokinase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder that leads to the accumulation of galactose.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Galactokinase deficiency is like a galactic traffic jam—too much galactose on the road!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 663,
        "topic": "topic125",
        "question": "What is classic galactosemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Classic galactosemia is caused by a deficiency in galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase and is also inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Classic galactosemia is like a classic movie—always a drama with galactose!",
        "emoji": "🎬"
    },
    {
        "id": 664,
        "topic": "topic125",
        "question": "What happens to galactose in the body when galactokinase is deficient?",
        "answer": "<li>Galactitol accumulates if the diet contains galactose, causing damage from toxic substance accumulation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Galactitol is like a bad roommate—causing trouble if you let it in!",
        "emoji": "🏚️"
    },
    {
        "id": 665,
        "topic": "topic125",
        "question": "What are the signs and symptoms of galactokinase deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include galactose in blood and urine, and infantile cataracts, but it is relatively mild.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Galactokinase deficiency is like a mild cold—annoying but not life-threatening!",
        "emoji": "🤒"
    },
    {
        "id": 666,
        "topic": "topic125",
        "question": "What are the signs and symptoms of classic galactosemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include failure to thrive, jaundice, hepatomegaly, infantile cataracts, and intellectual disability.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Classic galactosemia is like a rollercoaster—lots of ups and downs for the baby!",
        "emoji": "🎢"
    },
    {
        "id": 667,
        "topic": "topic125",
        "question": "What is the treatment for galactose metabolism disorders?",
        "answer": "<li>The treatment involves excluding galactose and lactose from the diet.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Excluding galactose is like kicking out the party crasher—no more trouble!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 668,
        "topic": "topic126",
        "question": "What is the role of aldose reductase in glucose metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>Aldose reductase converts glucose to sorbitol, trapping it in the cell.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Aldose reductase is like a bouncer—keeping glucose inside the club!",
        "emoji": "🚷"
    },
    {
        "id": 669,
        "topic": "topic126",
        "question": "What happens to sorbitol in tissues with insufficient sorbitol dehydrogenase?",
        "answer": "<li>Sorbitol accumulates, causing osmotic damage, such as cataracts and neuropathy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Too much sorbitol is like a flooded basement—everything gets damaged!",
        "emoji": "🌊"
    },
    {
        "id": 670,
        "topic": "topic126",
        "question": "What is the effect of high blood levels of galactose?",
        "answer": "<li>High blood levels of galactose can lead to conversion to galactitol, which is osmotically active.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Galactose turning into galactitol is like a superhero transformation—watch out for the side effects!",
        "emoji": "🦸"
    },
    {
        "id": 671,
        "topic": "topic126",
        "question": "What causes lactase deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Lactase deficiency can be primary (age-dependent decline), secondary (due to gastroenteritis), or congenital (defective gene).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Lactase deficiency is like a milkshake that won’t blend—just doesn’t work!",
        "emoji": "🥤"
    },
    {
        "id": 672,
        "topic": "topic126",
        "question": "What are the findings associated with lactose intolerance?",
        "answer": "<li>Findings include bloating, cramps, flatulence, and osmotic diarrhea due to fermentation of lactose.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Lactose intolerance is like a party gone wrong—everyone’s gassy and uncomfortable!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 673,
        "topic": "topic126",
        "question": "What is the treatment for lactose intolerance?",
        "answer": "<li>The treatment involves avoiding dairy products or adding lactase pills to the diet.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Treating lactose intolerance is like bringing a life jacket to a sinking ship—better safe than sorry!",
        "emoji": "🛟"
    },
    {
        "id": 674,
        "topic": "topic127",
        "question": "What type of amino acids are found in proteins?",
        "answer": "<li>Only L-amino acids are found in proteins.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "L-amino acids are like the left-handed people of the protein world—only they get to play!",
        "emoji": "✋"
    },
    {
        "id": 675,
        "topic": "topic127",
        "question": "What are the essential amino acids?",
        "answer": "<li>The essential amino acids are Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Leucine, and Lysine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Remembering essential amino acids is like remembering your VIP friends—PVT TIM HaLL!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 676,
        "topic": "topic127",
        "question": "Which amino acids are glucogenic?",
        "answer": "<li>The glucogenic amino acids are Methionine, Histidine, and Valine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Methionine, Histidine, and Valine are like the sweethearts of the amino acid world—always bringing the sugar!",
        "emoji": "🍬"
    },
    {
        "id": 677,
        "topic": "topic127",
        "question": "Which amino acids are both glucogenic and ketogenic?",
        "answer": "<li>The amino acids that are both glucogenic and ketogenic are Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, and Tryptophan.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, and Tryptophan are like the multitaskers of amino acids—doing it all!",
        "emoji": "🔄"
    },
    {
        "id": 678,
        "topic": "topic127",
        "question": "Which amino acids are purely ketogenic?",
        "answer": "<li>The purely ketogenic amino acids are Leucine and Lysine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Leucine and Lysine are like the lone wolves—only into ketones!",
        "emoji": "🐺"
    },
    {
        "id": 679,
        "topic": "topic127",
        "question": "What are the acidic amino acids?",
        "answer": "<li>The acidic amino acids are Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid, which are negatively charged at body pH.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Acidic amino acids are like sour candies—always a little tangy!",
        "emoji": "🍬"
    },
    {
        "id": 680,
        "topic": "topic127",
        "question": "What are the basic amino acids?",
        "answer": "<li>The basic amino acids are Histidine, Lysine, and Arginine, with Arginine being the most basic.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Basic amino acids are like the nerds of the group—always trying to balance things out!",
        "emoji": "🤓"
    },
    {
        "id": 681,
        "topic": "topic127",
        "question": "Why are Arginine and Histidine important during periods of growth?",
        "answer": "<li>Arginine and Histidine are required during periods of growth because they support protein synthesis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Arginine and Histidine are like the builders of the amino acid world—always constructing!",
        "emoji": "🏗️"
    },
    {
        "id": 682,
        "topic": "topic127",
        "question": "What role do Arginine and Lysine play in histones?",
        "answer": "<li>Arginine and Lysine are positively charged and are found in histones, which bind negatively charged DNA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Arginine and Lysine are like the glue holding DNA together—keeping it all wrapped up!",
        "emoji": "🧬"
    },
    {
        "id": 683,
        "topic": "topic128",
        "question": "What is the primary function of the urea cycle?",
        "answer": "<li>The urea cycle converts excess nitrogen into urea for excretion by the kidneys.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of the urea cycle as a nitrogen detox spa, where ammonia gets a makeover into urea before heading out!",
        "emoji": "🛁"
    },
    {
        "id": 684,
        "topic": "topic128",
        "question": "What are the common metabolites generated from amino acid catabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>Common metabolites include pyruvate and acetyl-CoA.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Pyruvate and acetyl-CoA are like the dynamic duo of metabolism, always ready to fuel the body!",
        "emoji": "🔥"
    },
    {
        "id": 685,
        "topic": "topic128",
        "question": "What is the rate-limiting step of the urea cycle?",
        "answer": "<li>The rate-limiting step is catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I is like the bouncer at the urea cycle club, controlling who gets in!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 686,
        "topic": "topic128",
        "question": "What is the role of N-acetylglutamate in the urea cycle?",
        "answer": "<li>N-acetylglutamate acts as an allosteric activator of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "N-acetylglutamate is like the cheerleader for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I, boosting its performance!",
        "emoji": "📣"
    },
    {
        "id": 687,
        "topic": "topic128",
        "question": "What are the end products of the urea cycle?",
        "answer": "<li>The end products of the urea cycle are urea and fumarate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Urea and fumarate are like the final exam results of the urea cycle—time to show what you’ve learned!",
        "emoji": "📜"
    },
    {
        "id": 688,
        "topic": "topic129",
        "question": "What are the potential causes of hyperammonemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Hyperammonemia can be acquired (e.g., liver disease) or hereditary (e.g., urea cycle enzyme deficiencies).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hyperammonemia is like a party crasher—too much ammonia can spoil the fun in the body!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 689,
        "topic": "topic129",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of hyperammonemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include flapping tremor (asterixis), slurring of speech, somnolence, vomiting, cerebral edema, and blurring of vision.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hyperammonemia symptoms are like a bad comedy show—flapping, slurring, and a lot of confusion!",
        "emoji": "🎭"
    },
    {
        "id": 690,
        "topic": "topic129",
        "question": "How does ammonia affect the central nervous system?",
        "answer": "<li>Ammonia alters the relative amounts of α-ketoglutarate, glutamate, GABA, and glutamine, leading to CNS toxicity.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Ammonia in the CNS is like a bad DJ messing with the music—everything gets out of tune!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 691,
        "topic": "topic129",
        "question": "What is the treatment for hyperammonemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Treatment includes limiting protein intake, using lactulose, antibiotics, and compounds like benzoate or phenylbutyrate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Treating hyperammonemia is like cleaning up a messy room—limit the clutter (protein) and use the right tools!",
        "emoji": "🧹"
    },
    {
        "id": 692,
        "topic": "topic130",
        "question": "What is the most common urea cycle disorder?",
        "answer": "<li>Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is the most common urea cycle disorder.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is like the most popular kid in school—everyone knows about it!",
        "emoji": "👑"
    },
    {
        "id": 693,
        "topic": "topic130",
        "question": "What is the inheritance pattern of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>It is X-linked recessive.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "X-linked recessive is like a secret club—only the boys can join this one!",
        "emoji": "🔒"
    },
    {
        "id": 694,
        "topic": "topic130",
        "question": "What are the clinical findings associated with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Findings include elevated orotic acid in blood and urine, decreased BUN, and symptoms of hyperammonemia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Elevated orotic acid is like a red flag waving—something's not right in the urea cycle!",
        "emoji": "🚩"
    },
    {
        "id": 695,
        "topic": "topic131",
        "question": "What amino acid is a precursor for niacin?",
        "answer": "<li>Tryptophan is a precursor for niacin.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Tryptophan is like the turkey of amino acids—making you sleepy and providing niacin!",
        "emoji": "🦃"
    },
    {
        "id": 696,
        "topic": "topic131",
        "question": "What are the derivatives of phenylalanine?",
        "answer": "<li>Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine, which can then produce dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Phenylalanine is like a family tree—starting with the parent and branching out to all the exciting relatives!",
        "emoji": "🌳"
    },
    {
        "id": 697,
        "topic": "topic131",
        "question": "What is the role of BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin) in amino acid metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>BH4 is a cofactor involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters from amino acids.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "BH4 is like the trusty sidekick in amino acid metabolism—always there to help out!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 698,
        "topic": "topic131",
        "question": "What is the consequence of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>It leads to phenylketonuria (PKU).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "PKU is like a party where phenylalanine is banned—too much can lead to a lot of trouble!",
        "emoji": "🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 699,
        "topic": "topic131",
        "question": "What is the result of tyrosinase deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Tyrosinase deficiency results in albinism.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Tyrosinase deficiency is like forgetting to put on sunscreen—too much exposure leads to a pale outcome!",
        "emoji": "☀️"
    },
    {
        "id": 700,
        "topic": "topic132",
        "question": "What enzyme deficiency causes Phenylketonuria (PKU)?",
        "answer": "<li>Phenylketonuria is caused by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of PAH as the \"Phenyl-Police\" that keeps phenylalanine in check; without it, the phenyls run wild!",
        "emoji": "🚓"
    },
    {
        "id": 701,
        "topic": "topic132",
        "question": "What happens to tyrosine levels in patients with PKU?",
        "answer": "<li>Tyrosine becomes an essential amino acid in patients with PKU.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Tyrosine is like a VIP guest at the amino acid party—only invited when phenylalanine is out of control!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 702,
        "topic": "topic132",
        "question": "What are the consequences of untreated PKU?",
        "answer": "<li>Untreated PKU typically leads to death in infancy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Untreated PKU is like a bad horror movie—if you don’t catch it early, it ends tragically!",
        "emoji": "🎬"
    },
    {
        "id": 703,
        "topic": "topic132",
        "question": "What is the role of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) in PKU?",
        "answer": "<li>Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "BH4 is like the sidekick that helps PAH save the day; without it, chaos ensues!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 704,
        "topic": "topic132",
        "question": "What are the potential effects of phenylalanine embryopathy?",
        "answer": "<li>High phenylalanine levels in pregnant patients with untreated PKU can cause fetal growth restriction, microcephaly, intellectual disability, and congenital heart defects.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "High phenylalanine is like a bad influence at a party—causing all sorts of trouble for the developing baby!",
        "emoji": "👶"
    },
    {
        "id": 705,
        "topic": "topic132",
        "question": "How is PKU screened in newborns?",
        "answer": "<li>Screening for PKU occurs 2–3 days after birth.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Newborns get a \"PKU check-up\" faster than you can say \"phenylalanine!\"",
        "emoji": "🍼"
    },
    {
        "id": 706,
        "topic": "topic132",
        "question": "What are some clinical findings associated with PKU?",
        "answer": "<li>Findings include intellectual disability, microcephaly, seizures, hypopigmented skin, eczema, and a musty body odor.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "If you smell musty, it’s not just your laundry—it might be PKU knocking at the door!",
        "emoji": "👃"
    },
    {
        "id": 707,
        "topic": "topic132",
        "question": "What dietary changes are recommended for PKU patients?",
        "answer": "<li>Patients should restrict phenylalanine and increase tyrosine in their diet, including foods like soy products, chicken, fish, and milk.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a \"phenyl-free diet\"—like a party without the uninvited guests!",
        "emoji": "🍗"
    },
    {
        "id": 708,
        "topic": "topic132",
        "question": "What are the phenyl ketones associated with PKU?",
        "answer": "<li>The phenyl ketones include phenylacetate, phenyllactate, and phenylpyruvate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "These ketones are like the \"PKU trio\"—always hanging out together, causing mischief!",
        "emoji": "🎶"
    },
    {
        "id": 709,
        "topic": "topic132",
        "question": "What artificial sweetener must PKU patients avoid?",
        "answer": "<li>PKU patients must avoid the artificial sweetener aspartame, which contains phenylalanine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Aspartame is like a sneaky villain in the sweetener world—always trying to sneak phenylalanine into your diet!",
        "emoji": "🍬"
    },
    {
        "id": 710,
        "topic": "topic133",
        "question": "What causes Maple Syrup Urine Disease?",
        "answer": "<li>It is caused by a deficiency of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (B1).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a \"maple syrup factory\" gone wrong—too much sweet stuff and not enough processing!",
        "emoji": "🍁"
    },
    {
        "id": 711,
        "topic": "topic133",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of Maple Syrup Urine Disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include vomiting, poor feeding, and urine that smells like maple syrup or burnt sugar.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "If your urine smells like breakfast, it’s time to check for maple syrup disease!",
        "emoji": "🥞"
    },
    {
        "id": 712,
        "topic": "topic133",
        "question": "What dietary restrictions are recommended for Maple Syrup Urine Disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Patients should restrict isoleucine, leucine, and valine in their diet and take thiamine supplements.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s a \"VOMIT\" diet—Valine, Odd-chain fatty acids, Methionine, and Isoleucine are all off the menu!",
        "emoji": "🚫"
    },
    {
        "id": 713,
        "topic": "topic134",
        "question": "What enzyme deficiency is associated with Alkaptonuria?",
        "answer": "<li>Alkaptonuria is caused by a congenital deficiency of homogentisate oxidase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Homogentisate oxidase is like the \"cleanup crew\" for tyrosine; without it, things get messy!",
        "emoji": "🧹"
    },
    {
        "id": 714,
        "topic": "topic134",
        "question": "What are the clinical findings in Alkaptonuria?",
        "answer": "<li>Findings include bluish-black connective tissue, ear cartilage, sclerae (ochronosis), and urine that turns black on prolonged exposure to air.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "If your urine is turning black, it’s not a magic trick—it might be Alkaptonuria!",
        "emoji": "🎩"
    },
    {
        "id": 715,
        "topic": "topic134",
        "question": "What complications can arise from Alkaptonuria?",
        "answer": "<li>Patients may experience debilitating arthralgias due to the toxicity of homogentisic acid to cartilage.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Homogentisic acid is like a bad guest at a party—causing pain and discomfort wherever it goes!",
        "emoji": "😖"
    },
    {
        "id": 716,
        "topic": "topic135",
        "question": "What are the causes of Homocystinuria?",
        "answer": "<li>Causes include cystathionine synthase deficiency, decreased affinity of cystathionine synthase for pyridoxal phosphate, methionine synthase deficiency, and MTHFR deficiency.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Homocystinuria is like a puzzle with missing pieces—each deficiency is a piece that doesn’t fit!",
        "emoji": "🧩"
    },
    {
        "id": 717,
        "topic": "topic135",
        "question": "What are the clinical features of Homocystinuria?",
        "answer": "<li>Features include excess homocysteine in urine, osteoporosis, Marfanoid habitus, ocular changes, cardiovascular effects, kyphosis, and intellectual disability.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Homocystinuria is like a \"down and in\" lens—everything is a bit off-kilter!",
        "emoji": "🔍"
    },
    {
        "id": 718,
        "topic": "topic135",
        "question": "What dietary treatments are recommended for Homocystinuria?",
        "answer": "<li>Treatments include restricting methionine, increasing cysteine, and supplementing with B6, B12, and folate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s a \"B6 and Cystine\" party—everyone’s invited except methionine!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 719,
        "topic": "topic136",
        "question": "What is the underlying defect in Cystinuria?",
        "answer": "<li>Cystinuria is caused by a hereditary defect of renal PCT and intestinal amino acid transporters that prevents reabsorption of cystine, ornithine, lysine, and arginine (COLA).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cystinuria is like a \"COLA\" party where the bouncers (transporters) are not letting the right amino acids in!",
        "emoji": "🥤"
    },
    {
        "id": 720,
        "topic": "topic136",
        "question": "What can excess cystine in urine lead to?",
        "answer": "<li>Excess cystine can lead to recurrent precipitation of hexagonal cystine stones.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of cystine stones as \"hexagonal ice cubes\" that just won’t melt away!",
        "emoji": "❄️"
    },
    {
        "id": 721,
        "topic": "topic136",
        "question": "How is Cystinuria detected?",
        "answer": "<li>Cystinuria is detected with a urinary sodium-cyanide nitroprusside test and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s like a science experiment—testing urine to find the hidden cystine treasure!",
        "emoji": "🔬"
    },
    {
        "id": 722,
        "topic": "topic137",
        "question": "What are common presentations of organic acidemias?",
        "answer": "<li>They commonly present in infancy with poor feeding, vomiting, hypotonia, high anion gap metabolic acidosis, hepatomegaly, and seizures.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Organic acidemias are like a \"baby’s bad day\"—everything is going wrong at once!",
        "emoji": "👶"
    },
    {
        "id": 723,
        "topic": "topic137",
        "question": "What is the effect of organic acid accumulation on gluconeogenesis?",
        "answer": "<li>Organic acid accumulation inhibits gluconeogenesis, leading to decreased fasting blood glucose levels and ketoacidosis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of it as a \"gluconeogenesis traffic jam\"—nothing is getting through!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 724,
        "topic": "topic137",
        "question": "What is Propionic acidemia caused by?",
        "answer": "<li>Propionic acidemia is caused by a deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Propionyl-CoA carboxylase is like a \"carpenter\" that builds the right pathways; without it, things fall apart!",
        "emoji": "🛠️"
    },
    {
        "id": 725,
        "topic": "topic137",
        "question": "What dietary restrictions are recommended for Propionic acidemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Patients should follow a low-protein diet limited in valine, odd-chain fatty acids, methionine, isoleucine, and threonine (VOMIT).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It’s another \"VOMIT\" diet—keeping those troublesome amino acids off the plate!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 726,
        "topic": "topic137",
        "question": "What causes Methylmalonic acidemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Methylmalonic acidemia is caused by a deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase or vitamin B12 deficiency.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Methylmalonic acidemia is like a \"B12 shortage\"—everything gets stuck in the cycle!",
        "emoji": "🥕"
    },
    {
        "id": 727,
        "topic": "topic138",
        "question": "What role does glycogen phosphorylase kinase play in glycogen regulation?",
        "answer": "<li>Glycogen phosphorylase kinase activates glycogen phosphorylase, which breaks down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of glycogen phosphorylase kinase as the \"key\" that unlocks the glycogen vault!",
        "emoji": "🔑"
    },
    {
        "id": 728,
        "topic": "topic138",
        "question": "How does calcium-calmodulin affect glycogen metabolism in muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>Calcium-calmodulin activates glycogen phosphorylase kinase during muscle contraction, promoting glycogen breakdown.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Calcium is like a personal trainer for glycogen, pushing it to break down during workouts!",
        "emoji": "🏋️"
    },
    {
        "id": 729,
        "topic": "topic138",
        "question": "What is the function of Protein kinase A in glycogen metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>Protein kinase A phosphorylates and activates glycogen phosphorylase, enhancing glycogenolysis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Protein kinase A is like a coach yelling \"Go!\" to glycogen, making it work harder!",
        "emoji": "📣"
    },
    {
        "id": 730,
        "topic": "topic138",
        "question": "What is the role of cAMP in glycogen metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>cAMP acts as a second messenger that activates Protein kinase A, leading to glycogen breakdown.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "cAMP is like the hype man at a concert, getting everyone pumped up for glycogen breakdown!",
        "emoji": "🎤"
    },
    {
        "id": 731,
        "topic": "topic138",
        "question": "How does insulin affect glycogen metabolism in the liver and muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>Insulin promotes glycogen synthesis by activating glycogen synthase and inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Insulin is like a friendly librarian, helping to store away glucose in the glycogen library!",
        "emoji": "📚"
    },
    {
        "id": 732,
        "topic": "topic138",
        "question": "What is the effect of glucagon on glycogen metabolism in the liver?",
        "answer": "<li>Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver, increasing blood glucose levels.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glucagon is like a fire alarm, waking up glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream!",
        "emoji": "🚨"
    },
    {
        "id": 733,
        "topic": "topic139",
        "question": "What type of bonds are present in glycogen branches and linear linkages?",
        "answer": "<li>Glycogen branches have α-(1,6) bonds, while linear linkages have α-(1,4) bonds.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of glycogen branches as party branches (α-1,6) and the straight paths as the main road (α-1,4)!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 734,
        "topic": "topic139",
        "question": "What is the process of glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle?",
        "answer": "<li>Glycogen undergoes glycogenolysis to produce glucose-1-phosphate, which is then converted to glucose-6-phosphate for energy during exercise.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glycogenolysis is like a workout plan for glycogen, turning it into energy for those muscle gains!",
        "emoji": "💪"
    },
    {
        "id": 735,
        "topic": "topic139",
        "question": "What happens to glycogen in hepatocytes?",
        "answer": "<li>In hepatocytes, glycogen is stored and undergoes glycogenolysis to maintain blood sugar levels.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hepatocytes are like sugar banks, storing glycogen and releasing it to keep blood sugar in check!",
        "emoji": "🏦"
    },
    {
        "id": 736,
        "topic": "topic139",
        "question": "What is limit dextrin?",
        "answer": "<li>Limit dextrin refers to the 2-4 glucose residues remaining on a branch after glycogen phosphorylase has acted on it.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Limit dextrin is like the leftover party snacks after glycogen has had its fill!",
        "emoji": "🍕"
    },
    {
        "id": 737,
        "topic": "topic140",
        "question": "How many types of glycogen storage diseases have been identified?",
        "answer": "<li>At least 15 types of glycogen storage diseases have been identified, all resulting in abnormal glycogen metabolism.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "There are so many glycogen storage diseases, it’s like a whole library of \"sugar problems\"!",
        "emoji": "📖"
    },
    {
        "id": 738,
        "topic": "topic140",
        "question": "What stain is useful for identifying glycogen storage diseases?",
        "answer": "<li>Periodic acid–Schiff stain is used to identify glycogen in tissues.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Periodic acid–Schiff stain is like a detective tool for spotting hidden glycogen!",
        "emoji": "🕵️"
    },
    {
        "id": 739,
        "topic": "topic140",
        "question": "What is the genetic inheritance pattern of types I-V glycogen storage diseases?",
        "answer": "<li>Types I-V are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Autosomal recessive is like a secret club; you need both parents to be in it to join!",
        "emoji": "🤫"
    },
    {
        "id": 740,
        "topic": "topic141",
        "question": "What are the key findings in Von Gierke disease (type I)?",
        "answer": "<li>Key findings include severe fasting hypoglycemia, increased glycogen in liver and kidneys, increased blood lactate, triglycerides, uric acid, and hepatomegaly.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Von Gierke is like a sugar hoarder, keeping too much glycogen and causing a sugar crisis!",
        "emoji": "🍭"
    },
    {
        "id": 741,
        "topic": "topic141",
        "question": "What enzyme is deficient in Von Gierke disease?",
        "answer": "<li>The deficient enzyme in Von Gierke disease is glucose-6-phosphatase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Without glucose-6-phosphatase, it’s like having a locked door to glucose release!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 742,
        "topic": "topic141",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of Pompe disease (type II)?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include cardiomyopathy, hypotonia, exercise intolerance, and an enlarged tongue.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Pompe disease is like a heavy weight on the heart, making it hard to lift!",
        "emoji": "❤️"
    },
    {
        "id": 743,
        "topic": "topic141",
        "question": "What enzyme is deficient in Pompe disease?",
        "answer": "<li>The deficient enzyme in Pompe disease is lysosomal acid α-1,4-glucosidase (acid maltase).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Pompe's enzyme is like a janitor that can't clean up the glycogen mess!",
        "emoji": "🧹"
    },
    {
        "id": 744,
        "topic": "topic141",
        "question": "What distinguishes Cori disease (type III) from Von Gierke disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Cori disease has milder symptoms and normal blood lactate levels compared to Von Gierke disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cori is like a less dramatic version of Von Gierke, keeping the blood lactate chill!",
        "emoji": "😌"
    },
    {
        "id": 745,
        "topic": "topic141",
        "question": "What is the deficient enzyme in Andersen disease (type IV)?",
        "answer": "<li>The deficient enzyme in Andersen disease is the branching enzyme.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Andersen disease is like a tree with no branches, just a trunk of glycogen!",
        "emoji": "🌳"
    },
    {
        "id": 746,
        "topic": "topic141",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of McArdle disease (type V)?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include painful muscle cramps, myoglobinuria, and a second-wind phenomenon during exercise.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "McArdle is like a muscle that gets cranky when it can't break down glycogen!",
        "emoji": "😤"
    },
    {
        "id": 747,
        "topic": "topic142",
        "question": "What is the primary cause of lysosomal storage diseases?",
        "answer": "<li>Lysosomal enzyme deficiency leads to the accumulation of abnormal metabolic products.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of lysosomes as the garbage disposals of the cell; if they break, the trash piles up!",
        "emoji": "🗑️"
    },
    {
        "id": 748,
        "topic": "topic142",
        "question": "Which populations have a higher incidence of Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick, and some forms of Gaucher disease?",
        "answer": "<li>These diseases have a higher incidence in Ashkenazi Jews.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Ashkenazi Jews are like the VIPs of lysosomal storage diseases—always on the guest list!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 749,
        "topic": "topic143",
        "question": "What are the key findings in Tay-Sachs disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Key findings include progressive neurodegeneration, developmental delay, hyperreflexia, hyperacusis, and a \"cherry-red\" spot on the macula.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Tay-Sachs is like a sad movie—lots of drama and a red spot that steals the show!",
        "emoji": "🎬"
    },
    {
        "id": 750,
        "topic": "topic143",
        "question": "What enzyme is deficient in Tay-Sachs disease?",
        "answer": "<li>The deficient enzyme in Tay-Sachs disease is Hexosaminidase A.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hexosaminidase A sounds like a superhero—too bad it’s not saving the day in Tay-Sachs!",
        "emoji": "🦸"
    },
    {
        "id": 751,
        "topic": "topic143",
        "question": "What substrate accumulates in Tay-Sachs disease?",
        "answer": "<li>GM2 ganglioside accumulates in Tay-Sachs disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "GM2 ganglioside is like a party crasher that just won't leave the cell!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 752,
        "topic": "topic143",
        "question": "What is the inheritance pattern of Tay-Sachs disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Tay-Sachs disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive (AR) pattern.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Tay-Sachs is like a secret club—only those with two recessive alleles can join!",
        "emoji": "🔒"
    },
    {
        "id": 753,
        "topic": "topic144",
        "question": "What are the early symptoms of Fabry disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Early symptoms include a triad of episodic peripheral neuropathy, angiokeratomas, and hypohidrosis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Fabry disease is like a bad hair day—lots of weird symptoms popping up!",
        "emoji": "💇"
    },
    {
        "id": 754,
        "topic": "topic144",
        "question": "What enzyme is deficient in Fabry disease?",
        "answer": "<li>The deficient enzyme in Fabry disease is α-galactosidase A.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "α-Galactosidase A sounds like a fancy drink—too bad it’s not refreshing in Fabry!",
        "emoji": "🍹"
    },
    {
        "id": 755,
        "topic": "topic144",
        "question": "What substrate accumulates in Fabry disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Ceramide trihexoside (globotriaosylceramide) accumulates in Fabry disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Ceramide trihexoside is like a stubborn guest who keeps bringing their own snacks!",
        "emoji": "🍪"
    },
    {
        "id": 756,
        "topic": "topic144",
        "question": "What is the inheritance pattern of Fabry disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Fabry disease is inherited in an X-linked recessive (XR) pattern.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Fabry is like a game of tag—only the boys get caught!",
        "emoji": "🏷️"
    },
    {
        "id": 757,
        "topic": "topic145",
        "question": "What are the main clinical features of Metachromatic leukodystrophy?",
        "answer": "<li>The main features include central and peripheral demyelination with ataxia and dementia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Metachromatic leukodystrophy is like a bad Wi-Fi connection—everything gets fuzzy!",
        "emoji": "📶"
    },
    {
        "id": 758,
        "topic": "topic145",
        "question": "What enzyme is deficient in Metachromatic leukodystrophy?",
        "answer": "<li>The deficient enzyme is Arylsulfatase A.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Arylsulfatase A sounds like a fancy car—too bad it’s not driving anywhere in this disease!",
        "emoji": "🚗"
    },
    {
        "id": 759,
        "topic": "topic145",
        "question": "What substrate accumulates in Metachromatic leukodystrophy?",
        "answer": "<li>Cerebroside sulfate accumulates in Metachromatic leukodystrophy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cerebroside sulfate is like a traffic jam in the brain—nothing is getting through!",
        "emoji": "🚦"
    },
    {
        "id": 760,
        "topic": "topic145",
        "question": "What is the inheritance pattern of Metachromatic leukodystrophy?",
        "answer": "<li>Metachromatic leukodystrophy is inherited in an autosomal recessive (AR) pattern.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Metachromatic leukodystrophy is like a secret handshake—only those with the right genes can join!",
        "emoji": "🤝"
    },
    {
        "id": 761,
        "topic": "topic146",
        "question": "What are the clinical features of Krabbe disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Clinical features include peripheral neuropathy, destruction of oligodendrocytes, developmental delay, CN II atrophy, and globoid cells.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Krabbe disease is like a game of Jenga—everything is falling apart!",
        "emoji": "🎲"
    },
    {
        "id": 762,
        "topic": "topic146",
        "question": "What enzyme is deficient in Krabbe disease?",
        "answer": "<li>The deficient enzyme is Galactocerebrosidase (galactosylceramidase).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Galactocerebrosidase sounds like a galactic explorer—too bad it’s lost in Krabbe!",
        "emoji": "🚀"
    },
    {
        "id": 763,
        "topic": "topic146",
        "question": "What substrates accumulate in Krabbe disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Galactocerebroside and psychosine accumulate in Krabbe disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Galactocerebroside and psychosine are like two friends who just can’t stop hanging out!",
        "emoji": "👯"
    },
    {
        "id": 764,
        "topic": "topic146",
        "question": "What is the inheritance pattern of Krabbe disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Krabbe disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive (AR) pattern.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Krabbe disease is like a family reunion—only the recessive genes show up!",
        "emoji": "👪"
    },
    {
        "id": 765,
        "topic": "topic147",
        "question": "What are the common clinical findings in Gaucher disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Common findings include hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, osteoporosis, avascular necrosis of the femur, bone crises, and Gaucher cells.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Gaucher disease is like a crowded party—everyone is showing up, but it’s a bit too much!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 766,
        "topic": "topic147",
        "question": "What enzyme is deficient in Gaucher disease?",
        "answer": "<li>The deficient enzyme is Glucocerebrosidase (β-glucosidase).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glucocerebrosidase sounds like a sweet treat—too bad it’s not helping in Gaucher!",
        "emoji": "🍬"
    },
    {
        "id": 767,
        "topic": "topic147",
        "question": "What substrate accumulates in Gaucher disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Glucocerebroside accumulates in Gaucher disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Glucocerebroside is like a hoarder’s stash—too much of it is piling up!",
        "emoji": "🏠"
    },
    {
        "id": 768,
        "topic": "topic147",
        "question": "What is the inheritance pattern of Gaucher disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Gaucher disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive (AR) pattern.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Gaucher disease is like a secret club—only those with the right genes can get in!",
        "emoji": "🔑"
    },
    {
        "id": 769,
        "topic": "topic148",
        "question": "What are the clinical features of Niemann-Pick disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Clinical features include progressive neurodegeneration, hepatosplenomegaly, foam cells, and a \"cherry-red\" spot on the macula.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Niemann-Pick is like a sad story with a red spot that keeps popping up!",
        "emoji": "📖"
    },
    {
        "id": 770,
        "topic": "topic148",
        "question": "What enzyme is deficient in Niemann-Pick disease?",
        "answer": "<li>The deficient enzyme is Sphingomyelinase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Sphingomyelinase sounds like a fancy dance move—too bad it’s not dancing in Niemann-Pick!",
        "emoji": "💃"
    },
    {
        "id": 771,
        "topic": "topic148",
        "question": "What substrate accumulates in Niemann-Pick disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Sphingomyelin accumulates in Niemann-Pick disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Sphingomyelin is like a sticky situation that just won’t go away!",
        "emoji": "🥤"
    },
    {
        "id": 772,
        "topic": "topic148",
        "question": "What is the inheritance pattern of Niemann-Pick disease?",
        "answer": "<li>Niemann-Pick disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive (AR) pattern.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Niemann-Pick is like a family secret—only the recessive genes know about it!",
        "emoji": "🤫"
    },
    {
        "id": 773,
        "topic": "topic149",
        "question": "What are the clinical features of Hurler syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Clinical features include developmental delay, hirsutism, skeletal anomalies, airway obstruction, clouded cornea, and hepatosplenomegaly.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hurler syndrome is like a wild hair day—lots of unusual features popping up!",
        "emoji": "🌪️"
    },
    {
        "id": 774,
        "topic": "topic149",
        "question": "What enzyme is deficient in Hurler syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>The deficient enzyme is α-l-iduronidase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "α-l-Iduronidase sounds like a superhero—too bad it’s not saving the day in Hurler!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 775,
        "topic": "topic149",
        "question": "What substrates accumulate in Hurler syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate accumulate in Hurler syndrome.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate are like two friends who just can’t stop hanging out!",
        "emoji": "👯"
    },
    {
        "id": 776,
        "topic": "topic149",
        "question": "What is the inheritance pattern of Hurler syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Hurler syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive (AR) pattern.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hurler syndrome is like a family reunion—only the recessive genes show up!",
        "emoji": "👪"
    },
    {
        "id": 777,
        "topic": "topic149",
        "question": "What are the clinical features of Hunter syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Hunter syndrome features mild Hurler symptoms plus aggressive behavior and no corneal clouding.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hunter syndrome is like a mild-mannered superhero with a bit of an attitude!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 778,
        "topic": "topic149",
        "question": "What enzyme is deficient in Hunter syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>The deficient enzyme is Iduronate-2-sulfatase.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Iduronate-2-sulfatase sounds like a fancy dish—too bad it’s not on the menu in Hunter!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 779,
        "topic": "topic149",
        "question": "What is the inheritance pattern of Hunter syndrome?",
        "answer": "<li>Hunter syndrome is inherited in an X-linked recessive (XR) pattern.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hunter syndrome is like a game of tag—only the boys get caught!",
        "emoji": "🏷️"
    },
    {
        "id": 780,
        "topic": "topic150",
        "question": "What is the role of Malonyl-CoA in fatty acid synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>Malonyl-CoA is a key molecule in the synthesis of fatty acids.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Malonyl-CoA is like the chef in the kitchen—essential for cooking up fatty acids!",
        "emoji": "👨‍🍳"
    },
    {
        "id": 781,
        "topic": "topic150",
        "question": "Which hormones regulate fatty acid synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>Insulin promotes fatty acid synthesis, while glucagon inhibits it.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Insulin is like a party planner for fatty acids, while glucagon is the bouncer!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 782,
        "topic": "topic150",
        "question": "Where does fatty acid synthesis predominantly occur?",
        "answer": "<li>Fatty acid synthesis predominantly occurs in the liver, lactating mammary glands, and adipose tissue.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Fatty acids are like party animals—they love to hang out in the liver and fat!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 783,
        "topic": "topic150",
        "question": "What is the function of the carnitine shuttle in fatty acid metabolism?",
        "answer": "<li>The carnitine shuttle transports long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix for degradation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The carnitine shuttle is like a taxi service for fatty acids—always on the move!",
        "emoji": "🚖"
    },
    {
        "id": 784,
        "topic": "topic150",
        "question": "What happens in systemic primary carnitine deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>In systemic primary carnitine deficiency, there is no cellular uptake of carnitine, leading to toxic accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the cytosol.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Without carnitine, fatty acids are like lost tourists—stuck in the cytosol with nowhere to go!",
        "emoji": "🗺️"
    },
    {
        "id": 785,
        "topic": "topic150",
        "question": "What are the symptoms of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>Symptoms include vomiting, lethargy, seizures, coma, liver dysfunction, and hyperammonemia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is like a rollercoaster ride—lots of ups and downs!",
        "emoji": "🎢"
    },
    {
        "id": 786,
        "topic": "topic150",
        "question": "What is the treatment for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency?",
        "answer": "<li>The treatment involves avoiding fasting.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Avoiding fasting is like keeping snacks handy—no one wants to be caught hungry!",
        "emoji": "🍏"
    },
    {
        "id": 787,
        "topic": "topic151",
        "question": "What are the primary ketone bodies produced in the liver?",
        "answer": "<li>The primary ketone bodies produced in the liver are acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of ketone bodies as the \"keto trio\" ready to party in your liver!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 788,
        "topic": "topic151",
        "question": "In which conditions are ketone bodies primarily produced?",
        "answer": "<li>Ketone bodies are primarily produced during prolonged starvation and diabetic ketoacidosis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "When the body is starving, it throws a \"keto party\" to keep the brain and muscles fueled!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 789,
        "topic": "topic151",
        "question": "What happens to oxaloacetate during prolonged starvation and diabetic ketoacidosis?",
        "answer": "<li>Oxaloacetate is depleted for gluconeogenesis during prolonged starvation and diabetic ketoacidosis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "When oxaloacetate runs out, it’s like a party without a DJ—no glucose beats!",
        "emoji": "🎧"
    },
    {
        "id": 790,
        "topic": "topic151",
        "question": "How does chronic alcohol overuse affect oxaloacetate levels?",
        "answer": "<li>Chronic alcohol overuse leads to a high NADH state, causing accumulation of oxaloacetate and downregulation of the TCA cycle, shunting it to malate.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Alcohol makes oxaloacetate feel so good it just wants to chill in malate!",
        "emoji": "🍷"
    },
    {
        "id": 791,
        "topic": "topic151",
        "question": "Which ketone body is not detectable by urine tests?",
        "answer": "<li>β-hydroxybutyrate is not detectable by urine tests; only acetoacetate can be detected.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "β-hydroxybutyrate is like the shy kid at the party—never gets noticed!",
        "emoji": "🙈"
    },
    {
        "id": 792,
        "topic": "topic151",
        "question": "Why can't red blood cells utilize ketone bodies?",
        "answer": "<li>Red blood cells cannot utilize ketone bodies because they strictly use glucose for energy.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "RBCs are like the picky eaters of the body—only want glucose on their plate!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 793,
        "topic": "topic151",
        "question": "What enzyme is responsible for ketone body production?",
        "answer": "<li>HMG-CoA lyase is responsible for ketone body production.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "HMG-CoA lyase is the \"keto chef\" whipping up those ketone bodies!",
        "emoji": "👨‍🍳"
    },
    {
        "id": 794,
        "topic": "topic152",
        "question": "What is the energy yield of 1g of carbohydrates or protein?",
        "answer": "<li>1g of carbohydrates or protein yields 4 kcal.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Carbs and proteins are like the \"4-star meals\" of energy—always satisfying!",
        "emoji": "⭐"
    },
    {
        "id": 795,
        "topic": "topic152",
        "question": "How much energy does 1g of alcohol provide?",
        "answer": "<li>1g of alcohol provides 7 kcal.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Alcohol is the \"party animal\" of energy—bringing 7 kcal to the bash!",
        "emoji": "🍻"
    },
    {
        "id": 796,
        "topic": "topic152",
        "question": "What is the energy yield of 1g of fatty acids?",
        "answer": "<li>1g of fatty acids yields 9 kcal.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Fatty acids are the \"9-kcal heavyweight champions\" of energy!",
        "emoji": "🥇"
    },
    {
        "id": 797,
        "topic": "topic152",
        "question": "What are the priorities of the body during fasting and starvation?",
        "answer": "<li>The priorities are to supply sufficient glucose to the brain and RBCs and to preserve protein.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "In fasting, the body plays \"survival mode,\" keeping the brain and RBCs happy while saving protein!",
        "emoji": "🧠"
    },
    {
        "id": 798,
        "topic": "topic152",
        "question": "What metabolic processes occur in the fed state after a meal?",
        "answer": "<li>In the fed state, glycolysis and aerobic respiration occur, with insulin stimulating triglyceride and glycogen storage plus protein synthesis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "After a meal, the body is like a \"storage unit,\" packing away energy for later!",
        "emoji": "📦"
    },
    {
        "id": 799,
        "topic": "topic152",
        "question": "What is the major process for maintaining blood glucose levels during starvation days 1-3?",
        "answer": "<li>The major process is hepatic glycogenolysis, along with adipose release of free fatty acids (FFA) and hepatic gluconeogenesis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "During early starvation, the liver is like a \"glucose bank,\" cashing in glycogen to keep the blood levels up!",
        "emoji": "🏦"
    },
    {
        "id": 800,
        "topic": "topic152",
        "question": "What happens to energy sources after day 3 of starvation?",
        "answer": "<li>After day 3, ketone bodies become the main source of energy for the brain, and vital protein degradation accelerates after adipose stores are depleted.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "After day 3, the body switches to \"keto mode,\" but watch out—too much depletion leads to a protein crisis!",
        "emoji": "⏳"
    },
    {
        "id": 801,
        "topic": "topic152",
        "question": "What determines survival time during starvation?",
        "answer": "<li>The amount of excess stores determines survival time during starvation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "In starvation, it's all about the \"store count\"—the more you have, the longer you last!",
        "emoji": "⏲️"
    },
    {
        "id": 802,
        "topic": "topic153",
        "question": "What are micelles in the context of lipid transport?",
        "answer": "<li>Micelles are aggregates of lipid molecules that facilitate the transport of dietary fats and cholesterol in the intestinal lumen.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of micelles as tiny lifeboats carrying fats to shore!",
        "emoji": "🚤"
    },
    {
        "id": 803,
        "topic": "topic153",
        "question": "What is the role of adipocytes in lipid transport?",
        "answer": "<li>Adipocytes store triglycerides and release free fatty acids into circulation when needed.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Adipocytes are like hoarders of fat, keeping it safe until it's needed for energy!",
        "emoji": "🏠"
    },
    {
        "id": 804,
        "topic": "topic153",
        "question": "Where do chylomicrons enter the circulatory system?",
        "answer": "<li>Chylomicrons enter the lymphatics before reaching the systemic circulation via the thoracic duct.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Chylomicrons take the scenic route through the lymphatics before hitting the bloodstream!",
        "emoji": "🗺️"
    },
    {
        "id": 805,
        "topic": "topic153",
        "question": "What is the function of the subclavian vein in lipid transport?",
        "answer": "<li>The subclavian vein is where chylomicrons enter systemic circulation after passing through the thoracic duct.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "The subclavian vein is like the VIP entrance for chylomicrons to the bloodstream party!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 806,
        "topic": "topic154",
        "question": "What are the main types of lipoproteins involved in lipid transport?",
        "answer": "<li>The main types of lipoproteins are chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of lipoproteins as different delivery services for fats: chylomicrons are the fast food, while HDL is the health food!",
        "emoji": "🍔"
    },
    {
        "id": 807,
        "topic": "topic154",
        "question": "What is the role of chylomicron remnants?",
        "answer": "<li>Chylomicron remnants deliver dietary fats and cholesterol to the liver.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Chylomicron remnants are like the leftovers from a feast, bringing back what’s left to the kitchen!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 808,
        "topic": "topic154",
        "question": "What is the function of VLDL in lipid transport?",
        "answer": "<li>VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein) transports triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "VLDL is like a delivery truck, transporting triglycerides to where they’re needed!",
        "emoji": "🚚"
    },
    {
        "id": 809,
        "topic": "topic154",
        "question": "How does LDL function in lipid transport?",
        "answer": "<li>LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) delivers cholesterol to tissues and is taken up by cells via endocytosis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "LDL is like a taxi service for cholesterol, dropping it off at various cellular destinations!",
        "emoji": "🚖"
    },
    {
        "id": 810,
        "topic": "topic155",
        "question": "What is the function of lipoprotein lipase?",
        "answer": "<li>Lipoprotein lipase degrades triglycerides in circulating chylomicrons and VLDL.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Lipoprotein lipase is like a pair of scissors, snipping triglycerides into usable pieces!",
        "emoji": "✂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 811,
        "topic": "topic155",
        "question": "What does hepatic lipase do?",
        "answer": "<li>Hepatic lipase degrades triglycerides remaining in IDL and chylomicron remnants.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hepatic lipase is the cleanup crew, tidying up leftover triglycerides!",
        "emoji": "🧹"
    },
    {
        "id": 812,
        "topic": "topic155",
        "question": "What is the role of hormone-sensitive lipase?",
        "answer": "<li>Hormone-sensitive lipase degrades triglycerides stored in adipocytes and promotes gluconeogenesis by releasing glycerol.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Hormone-sensitive lipase is like a personal trainer for fat, breaking it down when energy is needed!",
        "emoji": "🏋️"
    },
    {
        "id": 813,
        "topic": "topic155",
        "question": "What does lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) do?",
        "answer": "<li>LCAT catalyzes the esterification of 2/3 of plasma cholesterol, which is required for HDL maturation.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "LCAT is like a tailor, fitting cholesterol into HDL for a perfect finish!",
        "emoji": "👗"
    },
    {
        "id": 814,
        "topic": "topic155",
        "question": "What is the function of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)?",
        "answer": "<li>CETP mediates the transfer of cholesteryl esters to other lipoprotein particles.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "CETP is like a matchmaker for cholesterol, helping it find the right lipoprotein partner!",
        "emoji": "💘"
    },
    {
        "id": 815,
        "topic": "topic156",
        "question": "What is the function of ApoB48?",
        "answer": "<li>ApoB48 mediates chylomicron secretion into lymphatics and is found only on particles originating from the intestines.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "ApoB48 is like a passport for chylomicrons, allowing them to travel from the intestines!",
        "emoji": "🛂"
    },
    {
        "id": 816,
        "topic": "topic156",
        "question": "What is the role of ApoB100?",
        "answer": "<li>ApoB100 binds to the LDL receptor and is found only on particles originating from the liver.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "ApoB100 is like a VIP pass for LDL, ensuring it gets into the right club (cell)!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 817,
        "topic": "topic156",
        "question": "What is the function of ApoE?",
        "answer": "<li>ApoE mediates remnant uptake for all lipoproteins except LDL.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "ApoE is like a friendly guide, helping remnants find their way back to the liver!",
        "emoji": "🧭"
    },
    {
        "id": 818,
        "topic": "topic156",
        "question": "What is the role of ApoCII?",
        "answer": "<li>ApoCII acts as a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase, catalyzing the cleavage of triglycerides.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "ApoCII is like a sidekick for lipoprotein lipase, helping it do its job better!",
        "emoji": "🦸‍♂️"
    },
    {
        "id": 819,
        "topic": "topic156",
        "question": "What is the function of ApoAI?",
        "answer": "<li>ApoAI is found only on alpha-lipoproteins (HDL) and activates LCAT.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "ApoAI is like a cheerleader for HDL, boosting its cholesterol-maturing powers!",
        "emoji": "📣"
    },
    {
        "id": 820,
        "topic": "topic157",
        "question": "What are lipoproteins composed of?",
        "answer": "<li>Lipoproteins are composed of varying proportions of proteins, cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), and phospholipids.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of lipoproteins as a party mix—everyone brings a little something to the table!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 821,
        "topic": "topic157",
        "question": "Which lipoproteins carry the most cholesterol?",
        "answer": "<li>LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) and HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) carry the most cholesterol.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "LDL and HDL are like the cholesterol delivery service—always on the move!",
        "emoji": "🚚"
    },
    {
        "id": 822,
        "topic": "topic157",
        "question": "Why is cholesterol important for the body?",
        "answer": "<li>Cholesterol is needed to maintain cell membrane integrity and synthesize bile acids, steroids, and vitamin D.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Cholesterol is like the glue that holds your cells together and helps you shine with vitamin D!",
        "emoji": "🧴"
    },
    {
        "id": 823,
        "topic": "topic158",
        "question": "What is the primary function of chylomicrons?",
        "answer": "<li>Chylomicrons deliver dietary triglycerides to peripheral tissues and cholesterol to the liver in the form of chylomicron remnants.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Chylomicrons are like delivery trucks bringing goodies to your body's neighborhoods!",
        "emoji": "🚛"
    },
    {
        "id": 824,
        "topic": "topic158",
        "question": "Where are chylomicrons secreted from?",
        "answer": "<li>Chylomicrons are secreted by intestinal epithelial cells.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of chylomicrons as the postmen of your intestines, delivering fats right to your cells!",
        "emoji": "📬"
    },
    {
        "id": 825,
        "topic": "topic159",
        "question": "What is the function of VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein)?",
        "answer": "<li>VLDL delivers hepatic triglycerides to peripheral tissues.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "VLDL is like a fat taxi, taking triglycerides from the liver to the body!",
        "emoji": "🚖"
    },
    {
        "id": 826,
        "topic": "topic159",
        "question": "Where is VLDL secreted from?",
        "answer": "<li>VLDL is secreted by the liver.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "VLDL is the liver's way of saying, \"I've got fat to share!\"",
        "emoji": "🏥"
    },
    {
        "id": 827,
        "topic": "topic160",
        "question": "What does IDL (Intermediate-Density Lipoprotein) do?",
        "answer": "<li>IDL delivers triglycerides and cholesterol to the liver.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "IDL is like a delivery service that brings back leftovers to the liver!",
        "emoji": "🍱"
    },
    {
        "id": 828,
        "topic": "topic160",
        "question": "How is IDL formed?",
        "answer": "<li>IDL is formed from the degradation of VLDL.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "IDL is what happens when VLDL gets a little worn out from all the deliveries!",
        "emoji": "🥵"
    },
    {
        "id": 829,
        "topic": "topic161",
        "question": "What is the primary role of LDL?",
        "answer": "<li>LDL delivers hepatic cholesterol to peripheral tissues.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "LDL is like a cholesterol courier, making sure your cells get their cholesterol fix!",
        "emoji": "📦"
    },
    {
        "id": 830,
        "topic": "topic161",
        "question": "How is LDL formed?",
        "answer": "<li>LDL is formed by hepatic lipase modification of IDL in the liver and peripheral tissue.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "LDL is like IDL after a makeover—now it's ready to deliver cholesterol in style!",
        "emoji": "💄"
    },
    {
        "id": 831,
        "topic": "topic161",
        "question": "How do target cells take up LDL?",
        "answer": "<li>Target cells take up LDL via receptor-mediated endocytosis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "LDL is like a VIP pass—only the right cells can get in!",
        "emoji": "🎟️"
    },
    {
        "id": 832,
        "topic": "topic161",
        "question": "Why is LDL referred to as \"Lethal\"?",
        "answer": "<li>LDL is referred to as \"Lethal\" due to its association with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "LDL is like a sneaky villain—looks harmless but can cause serious trouble!",
        "emoji": "🦹"
    },
    {
        "id": 833,
        "topic": "topic162",
        "question": "What is the function of HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)?",
        "answer": "<li>HDL mediates reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues to the liver.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "HDL is like a recycling truck, picking up excess cholesterol and bringing it back to the liver!",
        "emoji": "♻️"
    },
    {
        "id": 834,
        "topic": "topic162",
        "question": "What does HDL act as a repository for?",
        "answer": "<li>HDL acts as a repository for apoC and apoE, which are needed for chylomicron and VLDL metabolism.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "HDL is like a storage unit for important proteins—keeping them safe until needed!",
        "emoji": "🏢"
    },
    {
        "id": 835,
        "topic": "topic162",
        "question": "Where is HDL secreted from?",
        "answer": "<li>HDL is secreted from both the liver and intestine.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "HDL is the friendly neighbor, coming from both the liver and the gut to help out!",
        "emoji": "🏡"
    },
    {
        "id": 836,
        "topic": "topic162",
        "question": "How does alcohol affect HDL synthesis?",
        "answer": "<li>Alcohol increases HDL synthesis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "A little alcohol is like a party for HDL—boosting its production and making it more social!",
        "emoji": "🍷"
    },
    {
        "id": 837,
        "topic": "topic163",
        "question": "What is abetalipoproteinemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Abetalipoproteinemia is an autosomal recessive condition caused by a mutation in the gene that encodes microsomal transfer protein (MTP).</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Abetalipoproteinemia is like a genetic game of hide and seek—your body can't find the lipoproteins!",
        "emoji": "🕵️"
    },
    {
        "id": 838,
        "topic": "topic163",
        "question": "What lipoproteins are absent in abetalipoproteinemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Chylomicrons, VLDL, and LDL are absent in abetalipoproteinemia.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "In abetalipoproteinemia, it's like a lipoprotein party where no one shows up!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 839,
        "topic": "topic163",
        "question": "What are the clinical manifestations of abetalipoproteinemia in infants?",
        "answer": "<li>Affected infants present with severe fat malabsorption, steatorrhea, and failure to thrive.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Infants with this condition are like a car running on empty—no fat means no energy!",
        "emoji": "🚗"
    },
    {
        "id": 840,
        "topic": "topic163",
        "question": "What are later manifestations of abetalipoproteinemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Later manifestations include retinitis pigmentosa, spinocerebellar degeneration due to vitamin E deficiency, progressive ataxia, and acanthocytosis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "It's like a game of \"What’s Missing?\"—without vitamin E, the body starts losing its balance!",
        "emoji": "⚖️"
    },
    {
        "id": 841,
        "topic": "topic163",
        "question": "What is the treatment for abetalipoproteinemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Treatment includes restriction of long-chain fatty acids and large doses of oral vitamin E.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Think of treatment as a diet plan—cut the long chains and boost your vitamin E!",
        "emoji": "🍏"
    },
    {
        "id": 842,
        "topic": "topic164",
        "question": "What is the inheritance pattern of Type I familial dyslipidemia (Hyper-chylomicronemia)?",
        "answer": "<li>Type I familial dyslipidemia is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type I is like a secret club—only those with the right genes can join!",
        "emoji": "🔑"
    },
    {
        "id": 843,
        "topic": "topic164",
        "question": "What causes Type I familial dyslipidemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Type I is caused by lipoprotein lipase or apo CII deficiency.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "In Type I, the lipoprotein lipase is like a broken faucet—no fat can flow!",
        "emoji": "🚰"
    },
    {
        "id": 844,
        "topic": "topic164",
        "question": "What are the clinical features of Type I familial dyslipidemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Clinical features include pancreatitis, hepatosplenomegaly, and eruptive/pruritic xanthomas.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type I is like a party gone wrong—too much fat leads to a lot of unwanted guests!",
        "emoji": "🎈"
    },
    {
        "id": 845,
        "topic": "topic164",
        "question": "What is the blood level characteristic of Type I familial dyslipidemia?",
        "answer": "<li>In Type I, chylomicrons, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels are elevated.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type I is like a cholesterol buffet—everything is piled high!",
        "emoji": "🍽️"
    },
    {
        "id": 846,
        "topic": "topic164",
        "question": "What is the inheritance pattern of Type II familial dyslipidemia (Hyper-cholesterolemia)?",
        "answer": "<li>Type II familial dyslipidemia is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type II is like a family heirloom—passed down through generations!",
        "emoji": "👑"
    },
    {
        "id": 847,
        "topic": "topic164",
        "question": "What causes Type II familial dyslipidemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Type II is caused by absent or defective LDL receptors or defective apo B100.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "In Type II, the LDL receptors are like a locked door—cholesterol can't get in!",
        "emoji": "🚪"
    },
    {
        "id": 848,
        "topic": "topic164",
        "question": "What are the clinical features of Type II familial dyslipidemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Clinical features include accelerated atherosclerosis, tendon (Achilles) xanthomas, and corneal arcus.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type II is like a race against time—cholesterol builds up faster than you can say \"atherosclerosis\"!",
        "emoji": "⏳"
    },
    {
        "id": 849,
        "topic": "topic164",
        "question": "What are the blood level characteristics of Type II familial dyslipidemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Type IIa has elevated LDL and cholesterol, while Type IIb has elevated LDL, cholesterol, and VLDL.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type II is like a cholesterol tower—stacked high with LDL and friends!",
        "emoji": "🏰"
    },
    {
        "id": 850,
        "topic": "topic164",
        "question": "What is the inheritance pattern of Type III familial dyslipidemia (Dysbetalipoproteinemia)?",
        "answer": "<li>Type III is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type III is like a rare collectible—only a few get to have it!",
        "emoji": "🧩"
    },
    {
        "id": 851,
        "topic": "topic164",
        "question": "What causes Type III familial dyslipidemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Type III is caused by a defective apoE.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "In Type III, apoE is like a missing puzzle piece—everything is out of place!",
        "emoji": "🧩"
    },
    {
        "id": 852,
        "topic": "topic164",
        "question": "What are the clinical features of Type III familial dyslipidemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Clinical features include premature atherosclerosis and tuberoeruptive and palmar xanthomas.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type III is like a premature party—too much cholesterol too soon!",
        "emoji": "🎊"
    },
    {
        "id": 853,
        "topic": "topic164",
        "question": "What is the inheritance pattern of Type IV familial dyslipidemia (Hyper-triglyceridemia)?",
        "answer": "<li>Type IV is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type IV is like a family tradition—everyone's got high triglycerides!",
        "emoji": "🎉"
    },
    {
        "id": 854,
        "topic": "topic164",
        "question": "What causes Type IV familial dyslipidemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Type IV is caused by hepatic overproduction of VLDL.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "In Type IV, the liver is like a factory working overtime—producing too much VLDL!",
        "emoji": "🏭"
    },
    {
        "id": 855,
        "topic": "topic164",
        "question": "What are the clinical features of Type IV familial dyslipidemia?",
        "answer": "<li>Clinical features include hypertriglyceridemia (> 1000 mg/dL) which can cause acute pancreatitis.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type IV is like a triglyceride explosion—too much can lead to a big mess!",
        "emoji": "💥"
    },
    {
        "id": 856,
        "topic": "topic164",
        "question": "How is Type IV familial dyslipidemia related to insulin resistance?",
        "answer": "<li>Type IV is related to insulin resistance.</li>",
        "memoryTip": "Type IV is like a stubborn mule—insulin resistance makes it hard to lower those triglycerides!",
        "emoji": "🐴"
    }
];

const topics = {
    "topic1": "1. Chromatin Structure",
    "topic2": "2. Nucleotides",
    "topic3": "3. De Novo Pyrimidine and Purine Synthesis",
    "topic4": "4. Purine Salvage Deficiencies",
    "topic5": "5. Genetic Code Features",
    "topic6": "6. DNA Replication",
    "topic7": "7. DNA Repair",
    "topic8": "8. Mutations in DNA",
    "topic9": "9. Lac Operon",
    "topic10": "10. Functional Organization of a Eukaryotic Gene",
    "topic11": "11. Epigenetics",
    "topic12": "12. RNA Processing in Eukaryotes",
    "topic13": "13. RNA Polymerases in Eukaryotes",
    "topic14": "14. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase",
    "topic15": "15. Introns vs Exons",
    "topic16": "16. Splicing of Pre-mRNA",
    "topic17": "17. tRNA Structure and Function",
    "topic18": "18. Charging of tRNA",
    "topic19": "19. Codons and Protein Synthesis",
    "topic20": "20. Protein Synthesis Process",
    "topic21": "21. Elongation and Termination",
    "topic22": "22. Posttranslational Modifications",
    "topic23": "23. Cell Cycle Phases",
    "topic24": "24. Regulation of Cell Cycle",
    "topic25": "25. Cell Types",
    "topic26": "26. Cell Cycle Arrest",
    "topic27": "27. Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions",
    "topic28": "28. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions",
    "topic29": "29. Cell Trafficking",
    "topic30": "30. I-cell Disease",
    "topic31": "31. Vesicular Trafficking Proteins",
    "topic32": "32. Peroxisome Functions",
    "topic33": "33. Zellweger Syndrome",
    "topic34": "34. Refsum Disease",
    "topic35": "35. Adrenoleukodystrophy",
    "topic36": "36. Proteasome Function",
    "topic37": "37. Cytoskeletal Elements",
    "topic38": "38. Microtubule Structure and Function",
    "topic39": "39. Cilia Structure and Function",
    "topic40": "40. Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia",
    "topic41": "41. Sodium-Potassium Pump",
    "topic42": "42. Collagen Overview",
    "topic43": "43. Types of Collagen",
    "topic44": "44. Type I Collagen Details",
    "topic45": "45. Type II Collagen Details",
    "topic46": "46. Type III Collagen Details",
    "topic47": "47. Type IV Collagen Details",
    "topic48": "48. Collagen Synthesis and Structure",
    "topic49": "49. Collagen Assembly and Cross-Linking",
    "topic50": "50. Osteogenesis Imperfecta",
    "topic51": "51. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome",
    "topic52": "52. Menkes Disease",
    "topic53": "53. Elastin",
    "topic54": "54. Marfan Syndrome",
    "topic55": "55. Homocystinuria",
    "topic56": "56. Laboratory Techniques",
    "topic57": "57. Flow Cytometry",
    "topic58": "58. Cell Microarrays",
    "topic59": "59. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)",
    "topic60": "60. Karyotyping",
    "topic61": "61. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)",
    "topic62": "62. Molecular Cloning",
    "topic63": "63. Gene Expression Modifications",
    "topic64": "64. RNA Interference",
    "topic65": "65. Genetic Terms",
    "topic66": "66. Population Genetics",
    "topic67": "67. Hardy-Weinberg Principle",
    "topic68": "68. Disorders of Imprinting",
    "topic69": "69. Modes of Inheritance",
    "topic70": "70. Autosomal Dominant Diseases",
    "topic71": "71. Autosomal Recessive Diseases",
    "topic72": "72. Cystic Fibrosis Genetics",
    "topic73": "73. Cystic Fibrosis Pathophysiology",
    "topic74": "74. Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis",
    "topic75": "75. Cystic Fibrosis Complications",
    "topic76": "76. Cystic Fibrosis Treatment",
    "topic77": "77. X-Linked Recessive Diseases",
    "topic78": "78. Muscular Dystrophies",
    "topic79": "79. Myotonic Dystrophy",
    "topic80": "80. Mitochondrial Diseases",
    "topic81": "81. Rett Syndrome",
    "topic82": "82. Fragile X Syndrome",
    "topic83": "83. Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion Diseases",
    "topic84": "84. Autosomal Trisomies",
    "topic85": "85. Genetic Disorders by Chromosome",
    "topic86": "86. Robertsonian Translocation",
    "topic87": "87. Cri-du-chat Syndrome",
    "topic88": "88. Williams Syndrome",
    "topic89": "89. Essential Fatty Acids",
    "topic90": "90. Vitamins: Fat Soluble",
    "topic91": "91. Vitamins: Water Soluble",
    "topic92": "92. Dietary Supplementation",
    "topic93": "93. Vitamin A",
    "topic94": "94. Vitamin B1",
    "topic95": "95. Vitamin B2",
    "topic96": "96. Vitamin B3",
    "topic97": "97. Vitamin B5",
    "topic98": "98. Vitamin B6",
    "topic99": "99. Vitamin B7 (Biotin)",
    "topic100": "100. Vitamin B9 (Folate)",
    "topic101": "101. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)",
    "topic102": "102. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)",
    "topic103": "103. Vitamin D",
    "topic104": "104. Vitamin E",
    "topic105": "105. Vitamin K",
    "topic106": "106. Zinc",
    "topic107": "107. Protein-Energy Malnutrition",
    "topic108": "108. Ethanol Metabolism",
    "topic109": "109. Enzyme Terminology",
    "topic110": "110. Rate-Determining Enzymes of Metabolic Processes",
    "topic111": "111. Metabolic Compartmentation",
    "topic112": "112. Summary of Pathways",
    "topic113": "113. Activated Carriers",
    "topic114": "114. Hexokinase vs Glucokinase",
    "topic115": "115. Glycolysis Regulation and Key Enzymes",
    "topic116": "116. Regulation by Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate",
    "topic117": "117. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex",
    "topic118": "118. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency",
    "topic119": "119. Pyruvate Metabolism Pathways",
    "topic120": "120. TCA Cycle Overview",
    "topic121": "121. Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation",
    "topic122": "122. Gluconeogenesis and Key Enzymes",
    "topic123": "123. Pentose Phosphate Pathway",
    "topic124": "124. Disorders of Fructose Metabolism",
    "topic125": "125. Disorders of Galactose Metabolism",
    "topic126": "126. Sorbitol and Lactase Deficiency",
    "topic127": "127. Amino Acids",
    "topic128": "128. Urea Cycle",
    "topic129": "129. Hyperammonemia",
    "topic130": "130. Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency",
    "topic131": "131. Amino Acid Derivatives",
    "topic132": "132. Phenylketonuria (PKU)",
    "topic133": "133. Maple Syrup Urine Disease",
    "topic134": "134. Alkaptonuria",
    "topic135": "135. Homocystinuria",
    "topic136": "136. Cystinuria",
    "topic137": "137. Organic Acidemias",
    "topic138": "138. Glycogen Regulation by Insulin and Glucagon/Epinephrine",
    "topic139": "139. Glycogen Structure and Function",
    "topic140": "140. Glycogen Storage Diseases",
    "topic141": "141. Specific Glycogen Storage Diseases",
    "topic142": "142. Lysosomal Storage Diseases",
    "topic143": "143. Tay-Sachs Disease",
    "topic144": "144. Fabry Disease",
    "topic145": "145. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy",
    "topic146": "146. Krabbe Disease",
    "topic147": "147. Gaucher Disease",
    "topic148": "148. Niemann-Pick Disease",
    "topic149": "149. Mucopolysaccharidoses",
    "topic150": "150. Fatty Acid Metabolism",
    "topic151": "151. Ketone Bodies",
    "topic152": "152. Metabolic Fuel Use",
    "topic153": "153. Lipid Transport Mechanisms",
    "topic154": "154. Lipoproteins and Their Functions",
    "topic155": "155. Key Enzymes in Lipid Transport",
    "topic156": "156. Major Apolipoproteins and Their Functions",
    "topic157": "157. Lipoprotein Functions",
    "topic158": "158. Chylomicron",
    "topic159": "159. VLDL",
    "topic160": "160. IDL",
    "topic161": "161. LDL",
    "topic162": "162. HDL",
    "topic163": "163. Abetalipoproteinemia",
    "topic164": "164. Familial Dyslipidemias"
};












let filteredTopics = [];
let filterStage = null;
let reviewStages = {};
let completedFlashcards = [];
let currentDate = new Date();
const reviewStageColors = { 0: 'red', 1: 'pink', 2: 'blue', 3: 'green' };
let db;
let isStarFilterActive = false;
let isStarReadyFilterActive = false;
let currentFlashcardIndex = 0;
let isHorizontal = false;
let starMarked = {};

function toggleStar(starElement, flashcardId) {
        const isStarred = !starMarked[flashcardId]; // Toggle starred status
      starMarked[flashcardId] = isStarred; // Update local state


      // Update UI Immediately
        starElement.classList.toggle('fas', isStarred);
        starElement.classList.toggle('far', !isStarred);
       starElement.style.color = isStarred ? 'gold' : 'lightgray';
       updateStarredCount(); // Recalculate and update counts
    const transaction = db.transaction([storeName], 'readwrite');
    const store = transaction.objectStore(storeName);
    const request = store.get(flashcardId);

    request.onsuccess = (event) => {
        let data = event.target.result;

        if (data) {
            // Only update the starred field, keep review metrics unchanged
            data.starred = isStarred;
            store.put(data); // Save the updated data with starred status
        } else {
            // Add a new entry with only the starred field (no review metrics)
            store.put({
                id: flashcardId,
                starred: isStarred // Only starred field
            });
        }
    };

    request.onerror = (event) => {
        console.error('Error updating star status:', event.target.errorCode);
    };
}



function openDatabase() {
    const request = indexedDB.open(dbName, 1); // Ensure the version is correct

    request.onupgradeneeded = (event) => {
        db = event.target.result;
        if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(storeName)) {
            const store = db.createObjectStore(storeName, { keyPath: 'id' });
            store.createIndex('reviewStage', 'reviewStage', { unique: false });
            store.createIndex('dueDate', 'dueDate', { unique: false });
            store.createIndex('starred', 'starred', { unique: false }); // Ensure 'starred' is defined
        }
    };

    request.onsuccess = (event) => {
        db = event.target.result;
        loadProgress(() => {
            updateTopicProgress();
            updateStarredCount();
            renderFlashcards();
        });
    };

    request.onerror = (event) => {
        console.error('Database error:', event.target.errorCode);
    };
}


function saveProgress(id, reviewStage = 0, dueDate = null, revealedTimestamp = null, starred = false) {
    const transaction = db.transaction([storeName], 'readwrite');
    const store = transaction.objectStore(storeName);

    const data = {
        id,
        reviewStage,
        dueDate,
        revealedTimestamp,
        starred // Include starred in the saved data
    };

    store.put(data); // Save both review metrics and starred status together
}



function loadProgress(callback) {
    const transaction = db.transaction([storeName], 'readonly');
    const store = transaction.objectStore(storeName);
    const request = store.getAll();

    request.onsuccess = (event) => {
        const progressData = event.target.result;

        progressData.forEach(progress => {
            if (progress.reviewStage !== undefined && progress.dueDate !== undefined) {
                // Only initialize reviewStages for flashcards with valid review metrics
                reviewStages[progress.id] = {
                    reviewStage: progress.reviewStage,
                    dueDate: progress.dueDate,
                    revealedTimestamp: progress.revealedTimestamp || null
                };
            }
            starMarked[progress.id] = progress.starred ?? false; // Initialize starred state
        });

        console.log('Progress loaded:', progressData);
        if (callback) callback();
    };

    request.onerror = (event) => {
        console.error('Load error:', event.target.errorCode);
    };
}




// Flashcard functions
function selectLayout(value) {
    if (value === 'horizontal') {
        switchToHorizontalLayout();
    } else {
        switchToVerticalLayout();
    }
    applyCurrentFilters();
}

function switchToHorizontalLayout() {
    isHorizontal = true;
    document.body.classList.add('horizontal-layout');
    document.body.classList.remove('vertical-layout');
    currentFlashcardIndex = 0;
    document.getElementById('horizontal-info').style.display = 'block';
    document.querySelector('.navigation-buttons').style.display = 'flex';
    applyCurrentFilters();
}

function switchToVerticalLayout() {
    isHorizontal = false;
    document.body.classList.add('vertical-layout');
    document.body.classList.remove('horizontal-layout');
    document.getElementById('horizontal-info').style.display = 'none';
    document.querySelector('.navigation-buttons').style.display = 'none';
    applyCurrentFilters();
}

function showFlashcard(index) {
    const flashcards = document.querySelectorAll('.modern-card');
    if (index < 0 || index >= flashcards.length) return;

    flashcards.forEach(flashcard => flashcard.style.display = 'none');

    const currentFlashcard = flashcards[index];
    const topic = currentFlashcard.dataset.topic;
    const topicFlashcards = Array.from(flashcards).filter(f => f.dataset.topic === topic);
    const currentPosition = topicFlashcards.indexOf(currentFlashcard) + 1;
    const totalInTopic = topicFlashcards.length;

    document.getElementById('horizontal-topic').textContent = topics[topic];
    document.getElementById('horizontal-position').textContent = `Flashcard ${currentPosition} of ${totalInTopic}`;

    currentFlashcard.style.display = 'block';

    document.getElementById('prev-btn').disabled = index === 0;
    document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === flashcards.length - 1;
}

function navigateFlashcards(direction) {
    const flashcards = document.querySelectorAll('.modern-card');
    if (direction === 'next' && currentFlashcardIndex < flashcards.length - 1) {
        currentFlashcardIndex++;
    } else if (direction === 'prev' && currentFlashcardIndex > 0) {
        currentFlashcardIndex--;
    }
    showFlashcard(currentFlashcardIndex);
}

function updateTopicProgress() {
    const topicSelect = document.getElementById('topic-filter');
    topicSelect.innerHTML = '';

    const allOption = document.createElement('option');
    allOption.value = 'all';
    allOption.textContent = 'All Topics';
    topicSelect.appendChild(allOption);

    Object.keys(topics).forEach(topicKey => {
        const topicName = topics[topicKey];
        const totalFlashcards = flashcards.filter(card => card.topic === topicKey).length;
        const reviewedFlashcards = flashcards.filter(card => card.topic === topicKey && reviewStages[card.id]).length;

        const option = document.createElement('option');
        option.value = topicKey;

        if (reviewedFlashcards === totalFlashcards && totalFlashcards > 0) {
            option.textContent = `${topicName} 🔹(${reviewedFlashcards}/${totalFlashcards}) ✔️`;
        } else {
            option.textContent = `${topicName} 🔹(${reviewedFlashcards}/${totalFlashcards})`;
        }

        topicSelect.appendChild(option);
    });
}

function applySelectedTopics() {
    const topicSelect = document.getElementById('topic-filter');
    const selectedOptions = Array.from(topicSelect.selectedOptions);
    const selectedTopicValues = selectedOptions.map(option => option.value);

    if (selectedTopicValues.includes('all')) {
        filteredTopics = [];
    } else {
        filteredTopics = selectedTopicValues.filter(value => value !== 'all');
    }

    currentFlashcardIndex = 0;
    renderFlashcards();
}

function renderInitialFlashcards() {
    renderFlashcards(true); // Render only the first 50 cards initially
}


function loadRestOfFlashcardsInBackground() {
  // Use a timeout to defer the loading, ensuring the UI thread doesn't get blocked
  setTimeout(() => {
        renderFlashcards(false, true); // Load the rest of the flashcards in the background
  }, 0);
}



    function renderFlashcards(initialLoad = false, appendOnly = false) {
        const flashcardsContainer = document.getElementById('flashcards-container');
        const filterInfoContainer = document.getElementById('filter-info-container');

        if (appendOnly === false) {
            flashcardsContainer.innerHTML = '';
        }
        if (appendOnly === false) {
            filterInfoContainer.innerHTML = '';
        }
        const allTopicsSelected = filteredTopics.length === 0 || filteredTopics.length === Object.keys(topics).length;

        // Update topics and review stage info dynamically
        const selectedTopicsText = allTopicsSelected
            ? 'All Topics'
            : filteredTopics.slice(0, 2).map(topic => topics[topic] || 'All Topics').join(', ') +
            (filteredTopics.length > 2 ? ', <button id="showMoreBtn" onclick="showAllTopics()">More</button>' : '');

        let selectedFilterText = ''; // Dynamic filter text based on active filters

        if (isStarFilterActive) {
            selectedFilterText = `⭐ Showing: Star-marked flashcards of selected topics <br>
                <span style="font-size: 0.9em; color: gray;">(To Exit the Review stage, Click "Show All Flashcards" Button)</span>`;
        } else if (isStarReadyFilterActive) {
            selectedFilterText = `🌟 Showing: Star-marked Ready-for-review flashcards of selected topics <br>
                <span style="font-size: 0.9em; color: gray;">(To Exit the Review stage, Click "Show All Flashcards" Button)</span>`;
        } else if (filterStage !== null) {
            selectedFilterText = `
                Review Stage: ${getReviewStageLabel(filterStage)} <br>
                <span style="font-size: 0.9em; color: gray;">(To Exit the Review stage, Click "Show All Flashcards" Button)</span>`;
        } else {
            selectedFilterText = `Showing all flashcards of selected topics`;
        }

        // Create and display filter info only once for initial load or for all load
        if (appendOnly === false) {
            const filterInfo = document.createElement('div');
            filterInfo.className = 'filter-info';

            // Topics selected line
            const topicsLine = document.createElement('div');
            topicsLine.innerHTML = `<strong style="color: black;">Topics selected:</strong>  ${selectedTopicsText}`;
            filterInfo.appendChild(topicsLine);

            // Add an <hr> for separation
            const separator = document.createElement('hr');
            separator.style.border = '1px solid #ccc';
            separator.style.margin = '10px 0';
            filterInfo.appendChild(separator);

            // Review stage or filter line
            const filterLine = document.createElement('div');
            filterLine.innerHTML = selectedFilterText; // Use innerHTML to support HTML rendering
            filterInfo.appendChild(filterLine);

            filterInfoContainer.appendChild(filterInfo);
        }

        let currentTopic = null;
        let cardsLoaded = 0;
    const limit = initialLoad ? 50 : flashcards.length; // set a limit if its a initial load
        for (let i = 0; i < flashcards.length; i++) {
            if (cardsLoaded >= limit) break; // break out of the loop if the limit is reached

            const flashcard = flashcards[i];
             const reviewStageData = reviewStages[flashcard.id];
              const isStarred = starMarked[flashcard.id];
            const isDue = reviewStageData && new Date(reviewStageData.dueDate) <= currentDate;
            const isTopicMatch = filteredTopics.length === 0 || filteredTopics.includes(flashcard.topic);

            // Match against the "Starred" filter
            let isStarredMatch = isStarFilterActive ? isStarred : true;
           // Match against the "Starred Ready Review" filter
            let isReadyMatch = isStarReadyFilterActive ? (isStarred && isDue) : true;

            // Match against the stage filter
            let isStageMatch = filterStage === null || (reviewStageData?.reviewStage === filterStage && isDue);
             if (filterStage === 4) {
               isStageMatch = reviewStageData?.reviewStage === 4;
            }

            if (isTopicMatch && isStarredMatch && isStageMatch && isReadyMatch) {
                if (!isHorizontal && currentTopic !== flashcard.topic) {
                    currentTopic = flashcard.topic;
                    const topicHeader = document.createElement('div');
                    topicHeader.className = 'topic-header';
                    topicHeader.textContent = topics[flashcard.topic];
                   flashcardsContainer.appendChild(topicHeader);
                }
                 const isAnswerVisible = reviewStageData?.revealedTimestamp &&
                (new Date() - new Date(reviewStageData.revealedTimestamp)) < 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;

                const memoryTip = flashcard.memoryTip || '';
                const emojiSymbol = flashcard.emoji || '✨';
                const emojiExplanation = flashcard.emojiExplanation || '';

                const card = document.createElement('div');
                card.className = 'modern-card';
                card.dataset.flashcardId = flashcard.id;
                card.dataset.topic = flashcard.topic;
                card.innerHTML = `
                    <div class="question">${flashcard.question}</div>
                    <div class="answer" style="display: ${isAnswerVisible ? 'block' : 'none'}">
                        ${flashcard.answer}
                        <br>
                        <hr style="border: 1px solid black; margin: 10px 0;">
                        <em><strong>Memory Tip:</strong> ${memoryTip}</em>
                         <br><br>
                        <span class="emoji">${emojiSymbol}</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="review-metric"></div>
                    <div class="buttons">
                       <button class="dont-know-btn" onclick="handleReviewClick(${flashcard.id}, false)">Don't Know</button>
                     <i class="${isStarred ? 'fas' : 'far'} fa-star star-btn"
                            style="color: ${isStarred ? 'gold' : 'lightgray'};"
                             onclick="toggleStar(this, ${flashcard.id})"></i>
                       <button class="know-btn" onclick="handleReviewClick(${flashcard.id}, true)" ondblclick="handleInactiveKnowClick(event)">Know</button>
                     </div>
                    <i class="fas fa-bookmark bookmark" onclick="toggleDropdown(event, 'bookmarkDropdown')"></i>
                    `;
                flashcardsContainer.appendChild(card);
                cardsLoaded++;
           }
       }
        applyReviewMetrics();
        updatePendingCounts();

        if (isHorizontal) {
             showFlashcard(currentFlashcardIndex);
         }
        attachBookmarkListeners();
     }


function showAllTopics() {
    const showMoreBtn = document.getElementById('showMoreBtn');
    const topicsLine = showMoreBtn.parentElement;
    const allTopicsText = filteredTopics.map(topic => topics[topic] || 'All Topics').join(', ');
    topicsLine.innerHTML = `<strong style="color: black;">Topics selected:</strong>  ${allTopicsText} <button id="hideMoreBtn" onclick="hideAllTopics()">Hide</button>`;
}

function hideAllTopics() {
    const hideMoreBtn = document.getElementById('hideMoreBtn');
    const topicsLine = hideMoreBtn.parentElement;
    const selectedTopicsText = filteredTopics.slice(0, 2).map(topic => topics[topic] || 'All Topics').join(', ') +
          (filteredTopics.length > 2 ? ', <button id="showMoreBtn" onclick="showAllTopics()">More</button>' : '');
    topicsLine.innerHTML = `<strong style="color: black;">Topics selected:</strong>  ${selectedTopicsText}`;
}



function showStarredFlashcards() {
    // Set the filter for starred flashcards to active and reset others
    isStarFilterActive = true;
    isStarReadyFilterActive = false; // Disable "Ready for Review" filter
    filterStage = null; // Reset the review stage filter

    renderFlashcards(); // Re-render flashcards based on updated filters
    updateStarredCount(); // Update the count of starred flashcards
}



function showStarredReadyFlashcards() {
    // Set the filter for starred and ready-to-review flashcards to active and reset others
    isStarReadyFilterActive = true;
    isStarFilterActive = false; // Disable the "Starred" filter
    filterStage = null; // Reset the review stage filter

    renderFlashcards(); // Re-render flashcards based on updated filters
    updateStarredCount(); // Update the count of starred ready-to-review flashcards
}



function attachBookmarkListeners() {
    const bookmarks = document.querySelectorAll('.bookmark');
    bookmarks.forEach(bookmark => {
        bookmark.addEventListener('click', (event) => {
            toggleDropdown(event, 'bookmarkDropdown');
        });
    });
}

function filterFlashcards(stage) {
    filterStage = stage;
    isStarFilterActive = false;
    isStarReadyFilterActive = false;
    currentFlashcardIndex = 0;
    renderFlashcards();
}

function showAllFlashcards() {
    if (filteredTopics.length === 0) {
        const topicSelect = document.getElementById('topic-filter');
        const selectedOptions = Array.from(topicSelect.selectedOptions);
        filteredTopics = selectedOptions.map(option => option.value).filter(value => value !== 'all');
    }
    filterStage = null;
    isStarFilterActive = false;
    isStarReadyFilterActive = false;
    currentFlashcardIndex = 0;
    renderFlashcards();
}

function applyReviewMetrics() {
    document.querySelectorAll('.modern-card').forEach(card => {
        const flashcardId = parseInt(card.dataset.flashcardId);
        const reviewMetric = card.querySelector('.review-metric');
        const bookmark = card.querySelector('.bookmark');
        const knowButton = card.querySelector('.know-btn');

        if (reviewStages[flashcardId]) {
            const { reviewStage, dueDate } = reviewStages[flashcardId];
            reviewMetric.dataset.reviewStage = reviewStage;
            reviewMetric.dataset.dueDate = dueDate;

            const timeRemaining = (new Date(dueDate).getTime() - currentDate.getTime()) / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24);

            if (reviewStage === 4) {
                reviewMetric.textContent = '🏆 Final Review: Completed';
                reviewMetric.style.color = 'gold';
                bookmark.style.color = 'gold';
                card.style.borderColor = 'gold';
                knowButton.disabled = true;
                knowButton.style.backgroundColor = 'gray';
            } else if (timeRemaining <= 0) {
                reviewMetric.textContent = '🔔 Ready for Review';
                reviewMetric.style.color = '#388e3c';
                knowButton.disabled = false;
                knowButton.style.backgroundColor = '#388e3c';
                bookmark.style.color = reviewStageColors[reviewStage];
                card.style.borderColor = reviewStageColors[reviewStage];
            } else {
                const stageColor = reviewStageColors[reviewStage];
                reviewMetric.textContent = `${getReviewText(reviewStage, dueDate)}`;
                reviewMetric.style.color = stageColor;
                bookmark.style.color = stageColor;
                card.style.borderColor = stageColor;
                knowButton.disabled = true;
                knowButton.style.backgroundColor = 'gray';
            }
        } else {
            bookmark.style.color = '';
            card.style.borderColor = '';
            reviewMetric.textContent = '';
        }
    });
}


  function handleReviewClick(flashcardId, isKnow) {
    const flashcard = document.querySelector(`[data-flashcard-id="${flashcardId}"]`);
    const answer = flashcard.querySelector('.answer');
        answer.style.display = 'block';


    let reviewStage = reviewStages[flashcardId]?.reviewStage || 0;
    const dueDate = new Date(currentDate);
          const revealedTimestamp = new Date().toISOString();
        const isStarred = starMarked[flashcardId] || false;

         if (isKnow) {
        reviewStage = getNextStage(reviewStage, dueDate); // Move to next stage
    } else {
        reviewStage = 0;
            dueDate.setDate(dueDate.getDate() + 3); // Set the review in 3 days
        }
        reviewStages[flashcardId] = { reviewStage, dueDate: dueDate.toISOString(), revealedTimestamp };
         saveProgress(flashcardId, reviewStage, dueDate.toISOString(), revealedTimestamp, isStarred); // Save starred state with review metrics

          applyReviewMetrics();
        updatePendingCounts();
        updateTopicProgress();
       }


function getNextStage(reviewStage, dueDate) {
    if (reviewStage === 0) {
        dueDate.setDate(dueDate.getDate() + 7);
        return 1;
    } else if (reviewStage === 1) {
        dueDate.setDate(dueDate.getDate() + 14);
        return 2;
    } else if (reviewStage === 2) {
        dueDate.setDate(dueDate.getDate() + 28);
        return 3;
    }
    return 4;
}

function getReviewText(reviewStage, dueDate) {
    const timeRemaining = (new Date(dueDate) - currentDate) / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24);
    return `${["First Review", "Second Review", "Third Review", "Final Review"][reviewStage]} in ${Math.ceil(timeRemaining)} days`;
}

function getReviewStageLabel(stage) {
    const labels = ["First Review", "Second Review", "Third Review", "Final Review"];
    return labels[stage] || " 🏆 Completed Flashcards List";
}

function updatePendingCounts() {
    const counts = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
    flashcards.forEach(flashcard => {
        const flashcardData = reviewStages[flashcard.id];
        if (flashcardData) {
            if (flashcardData.reviewStage < 4 && new Date(flashcardData.dueDate) <= currentDate) {
                counts[flashcardData.reviewStage]++;
            } else if (flashcardData.reviewStage === 4) {
                counts[4]++;
            }
        }
    });
    counts.forEach((count, index) => {
        if (index < 4) {
            document.getElementById(`count-stage-${index}`).textContent = `${count} pending`;
        } else {
            document.getElementById('count-completed').textContent = `${count} completed`;
        }
    });
}

function simulateDateTimeChange() {
    const dateInput = document.getElementById('current-date').value;
    const timeInput = document.getElementById('current-time').value;

    if (dateInput && timeInput) {
        currentDate = new Date(`${dateInput}T${timeInput}:00`);
    } else {
        currentDate = new Date();
    }
    refreshFlashcards();
}

function refreshFlashcards() {
    applyReviewMetrics();
    updatePendingCounts();
}

function applyCurrentFilters() {
    if (filterStage !== null) {
        filterFlashcards(filterStage);
    } else {
        renderFlashcards();
    }

    if (isHorizontal) {
        currentFlashcardIndex = 0;
        showFlashcard(currentFlashcardIndex);
    }
}


// Handle inactive "Know" button click to show dropdown
function handleInactiveKnowClick(event) {
    if (event.target.disabled) {
        toggleDropdownBelowButton(event, 'inactiveKnowDropdown');
    }
}

// Function to toggle dropdown visibility below the button
function toggleDropdownBelowButton(event, dropdownId) {
    event.stopPropagation();

    const dropdown = document.getElementById(dropdownId);
    const isVisible = dropdown.style.display === "block";

    if (isVisible) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
        return;
    }

    const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('.dropdown');
    dropdowns.forEach(d => {
        d.style.display = 'none';
    });

    dropdown.style.display = "block";
    dropdown.style.position = "absolute";

    const rect = event.target.getBoundingClientRect();
    dropdown.style.top = `${rect.bottom + window.scrollY}px`;
    dropdown.style.left = "50%";
    dropdown.style.transform = "translateX(-50%)";
    dropdown.style.maxWidth = "90vw";
}

// Close dropdown when clicking outside of it
window.addEventListener('click', function (event) {
    const dropdown = document.getElementById('inactiveKnowDropdown');
    if (dropdown && dropdown.style.display === "block" && !dropdown.contains(event.target)) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
    }
});

// Optional: Close dropdown function for specific dropdowns
function closeDropdown(dropdownId) {
    const dropdown = document.getElementById(dropdownId);
    if (dropdown) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
    }
}


function updateStarredCount() {

    const totalStarredCount = flashcards.filter(flashcard => starMarked[flashcard.id]).length;
    const totalStarredReadyCount = flashcards.filter(flashcard => {
          const reviewStageData = reviewStages[flashcard.id];
          const isDue = reviewStageData && new Date(reviewStageData.dueDate) <= currentDate;
        return starMarked[flashcard.id] && isDue;
        }).length;
        const count = flashcards.filter(flashcard => {
             const isTopicMatch = filteredTopics.length === 0 || filteredTopics.includes(flashcard.topic);
             return isTopicMatch && starMarked[flashcard.id]
         }).length;

        const countReady = flashcards.filter(flashcard => {
             const isTopicMatch = filteredTopics.length === 0 || filteredTopics.includes(flashcard.topic);
                const reviewStageData = reviewStages[flashcard.id];
                const isDue = reviewStageData && new Date(reviewStageData.dueDate) <= currentDate;
                return isTopicMatch &&  starMarked[flashcard.id] && isDue;
           }).length;
    const starFilterBtn = document.querySelector('.filter-btn[onclick="showStarredFlashcards()"]');
    if (starFilterBtn) {
        starFilterBtn.innerHTML = `Starred Flashcards <br> ⭐  <span id="count-starred" class="badge">${totalStarredCount} marked</span>`;
    }
    const starReadyFilterBtn = document.querySelector('.filter-btn[onclick="showStarredReadyFlashcards()"]');
    if (starReadyFilterBtn) {
        starReadyFilterBtn.innerHTML = ` Starred Ready for Review <br> 🌟 <span id="count-starred-ready" class="badge">${totalStarredReadyCount} pending</span>`
      }
}


function attachBookmarkListeners() {
    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.modern-card');
       cards.forEach(card =>{
         card.addEventListener('click', function(event){
            const bookmark = event.target.closest('.bookmark');
             if(bookmark){
                toggleDropdown1(event, 'bookmarkDropdown1')
              }

        });
    });

}


// Toggle dropdown near the clicked bookmark icon, centered horizontally in the viewport
function toggleDropdown1(event, dropdownId) {
    event.stopPropagation();

    const dropdown = document.getElementById(dropdownId);
  const computedStyle = window.getComputedStyle(dropdown);
    const isVisible = computedStyle.display === "block";


    if (isVisible) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
        return;
    }

    dropdown.style.display = "block";
    dropdown.style.position = "absolute";

    const rect = event.target.getBoundingClientRect();

    dropdown.style.top = `${rect.bottom + window.scrollY}px`;
    dropdown.style.left = "50%";
    dropdown.style.transform = "translateX(-50%)";
    dropdown.style.maxWidth = "90vw";
}


// Close dropdown when clicking outside of it
window.addEventListener('click', function (event) {
    const dropdown = document.getElementById('bookmarkDropdown1');
   const bookmark = event.target.closest('.bookmark');
   if (dropdown && dropdown.style.display === "block" && !bookmark && !dropdown.contains(event.target)) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
    }
});

// Close dropdown manually
function closeDropdown(dropdownId) {
    const dropdown = document.getElementById(dropdownId);
    if (dropdown) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
    }
}


</script>



<script>
// Function to Toggle the Dropdown Below the Button
function toggleDropdownContent(event) {
    event.stopPropagation();  // Prevent immediate closing due to outside click listener

    const dropdown = document.getElementById('dropdownContent');
    const isVisible = dropdown.style.display === "block";

    // Hide dropdown if already visible
    if (isVisible) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
        return;
    }

    // Hide any other open dropdowns
    const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('.dropdown');
    dropdowns.forEach(d => {
        d.style.display = 'none';
    });

       // Show and position dropdown
    dropdown.style.display = "block";
    dropdown.style.position = "absolute";

    const rect = event.target.getBoundingClientRect();

    // Set top position just below the clicked bookmark icon
    dropdown.style.top = `${rect.bottom + window.scrollY}px`;

    // Center horizontally in the viewport, using transform for responsive centering
    dropdown.style.left = "50%";
    dropdown.style.transform = "translateX(-50%)";  // Center align horizontally

    // Optional: Set max width for small screens
    dropdown.style.maxWidth = "90vw";  // Allow dropdown to adjust within viewport
}

// Close dropdown when clicking outside of it
window.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
    const dropdown = document.getElementById('dropdownContent');
    const toggleButton = document.getElementById('toggleButton'); // Assuming the button to open dropdown has ID "toggleButton"

    // Close dropdown if clicked outside of it and not on the toggle button
    if (dropdown && dropdown.style.display === "block" &&
        !dropdown.contains(event.target) &&
        event.target !== toggleButton) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
    }
});

// Function to Close Dropdown Explicitly
function closeDropdown(dropdownId) {
    const dropdown = document.getElementById(dropdownId);
    if (dropdown) {
        dropdown.style.display = "none";
    }
}


</script>

 <script>
         function openModal(modalId) {
            document.getElementById(modalId).style.display = "block";
        }

        function closeModal(modalId) {
            document.getElementById(modalId).style.display = "none";
        }

         function zoomImage(modalId, zoomFactor) {
             var image = document.getElementById(modalId).querySelector('.modal-content97');
            if (image) {
                var currentWidth = image.clientWidth;
                image.style.width = (currentWidth * zoomFactor) + 'px';
            } else {
                console.error('Zoom image not found for modal:', modalId);
             }
         }


        function openPopup(popupId) {
             document.getElementById(popupId).style.display = "block";
         }

         function closePopup(popupId) {
            document.getElementById(popupId).style.display = "none";
         }

    </script>



<!-- Include the rest of your JavaScript here -->

</body>
</html>